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The planning scheme for the County of Cumberland, New South Wales: the report of the Cumberland Cou
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| COUNTY OF CU M BERLAND PLANNING SCHEME REPORT mfisfinfiwn to cm; MINISTER[...] |
| Chapter l8 Page 199. IMPLEMENTING gilt g THE SCHEME m» e 9 @mb§ 29 SEP 1949 Flaming on the scale attempted in the County Scheme is a venture without precedent in New South Wales[...]scope. The Local Government Act, under which the County Planning Scheme has been prepared, requires that the Scheme, prior to submission to the Iinister, be made ava[...]ds. There is a natural tendency to regard such a Scheme, covering all aspects of develop- ment, as someth[...]to be somewhat overwhelming. The proposals in the Scheme are not necessarily intended for immediate realisation. A frequent reaction is to regard such a Scheme as far too ambitious. Yet if it were necessary to[...]ion, education and culture - for all of which the Scheme offers a remedy, or at least a physical basis for finding a remedy. Planning appears to be ambitious only because the conditio[...]ccessful attempt at co-ordineted or comprehensive planning. Development was likely to take place anywhere la[...]utions were lost to less worthy development. The County Scheme offers a remedy for lack of co-ordination and for[...]onditions, a remedy which lies not so much in the Scheme itself but in its realisation - its transf[...] |
| [...]eans the achievement of all of the objects of the Planning Scheme - full development of the land-use proposals, ful[...]onsible for works similar to the proposals of the Scheme. To some extent facilities for detailed design and construction required in connection with County open space proposals are in the hands of trusts s[...]of the constructing authority. With regard to the County Scheme, however, land affected by the proposals may not[...]ly little in advance of actual construction. The Scheme makea provision for the early acquisition of vacant land required for certain public purposes, i.e. for County open space, foreshoree, County roads, railways and special uses, to be undertalmn by the County Council as the Responsible Authority in this resp[...]s sewerage and water supply, do not appear in the Scheme because reservation of land (except for installat[...]development of land takes the form of - (a) Local planning, or planning of internal detail. (b) Administration governing development of land in accordance with the County Scheme and the particular local schemes. Local planning applies to living areas, industrial areas, rural[...]and also local transport requirements. While such planning is in progress, development of land must be administered in accordance with the over-all framework of the County Scheme, conforming also in detail with the local[...] |
| IIPLEIENTING THE SCHEME Page 201 County Scheme should be camnsnced together. Consequently, it is[...]al powers for carrying into effect any prescribed scheme are contained in the Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act, 1915. For the County Planning Scheme these are supplemented by the Scheme Ordinance which prescribes additional and more specific powers necessary to implement the Scheme fully. The Act requires that the Scheme shall contain provisions specifying the responsib[...]g into effect and enforcing the provisions of the Scheme. The Ordinance submitted with the Scheme prescribes the Cumberland County Council as the Responsible Authority for certain matters of national or County significance, leaving control of development and[...]tory bodies involved in the implementation of the Scheme. (1)) Development of land - the administration c[...]g use) necessary to enforce the provisions of the County Scheme and supplementary planning. (c) Further County planning - the detailed planning necessary to precede complete implementation of certain County proposals, such as open space, the green belt, harbour scenic protection areas; also possible further planning in pursuance of Ordinance 104. A further delegation of powers may be necessary for this work. (d) Local planning - the planning or internal detail of local planning units as broadly defined in the County Scheme. (e) Design and construction - the detailed desi[...]Authority for financing the implementation of the Scheme. AUTHORIT IES Authorities which will, in some m[...]nsible for implementation of the proposals in the County Planning Scheme are as follow - 1. The Responsible Authorities.[...]g into effect and enforcing the provisions of the Scheme. Because of the complex nature of the County Scheme, involving a large number of local and oth[...] |
| Page 202. IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME varying size and character, with some responsibilities in the implementation of the Scheme, it has been provided in the Scheme Ordinance that there shall be one Responsible Authority (the County Council) in respect of matters of national or County significance and further Responsible Authorities[...]the duties and functions allotted to it under the Scheme, some of which powers are not already provided fo[...]f implementation. 2. Control of Development The Scheme provides for development, in general, to be contr[...]aesthetic but the financial implementation of the Scheme, require the over-all control to be exercised by the County Council. In addition, the regulation of non-confo[...]meantime, has been regarded as a matter of vital County importance. The answers to these questions of rem[...]ricably bound up with the basic principles of the Scheme as influencing dispersal and proper location of i[...]re, must be determined having regard to the wider County background. 3 . Constructing Authority The Cons[...]ese powers and responsibilities may be delegated. County open space, with few exceptions, is intended to s[...]ld be possible for financial assistance (from the County Flaming Fund) to be provided to local councils to[...]ves) to be carried out by private interests. 1.. Planning Authority The Planning Authority is an authority responsible either for further County plaming or for local planning. ADMINISTRATION OF IAND USE PROPOSALS Administration of the Scheme Ordinance with respect to proposed development of land defined in the County Scheme as living, industrial and rural areas, centres, t[...]shop would be permissible in a living area of the County Scheme, but its proposed location might not conform with[...]. Thus, development will need to conform with one scheme which is being carried into effect and ano[...] |
| IMPIEMENTING THE SCHEME Page 203. cases, where general conformity with the County Scheme is achieved, but not with the local scheme in the preparatory stage, careful discrimination[...]st be recognised that, in the early stages, local planning may not be sufficiently advanced for control of d[...]stered other than by general principles. As local planning becomes well advanced, it must in many respects gradually become woven into the County Scheme, so that ultimately the two can be regarded as one. Local planning will also provide an opportunity for minor amendm[...]e revealed by closer study then was called for in County planning, to be made - for later incorporation into an amended County Scheme. Living Areas During the preparation of the local scheme, the local council may permit development which i[...]nterim plan and is, therefore, dependent on local planning being carried out. Regarding densities for living areas defined in the County Scheme, it has been explained in Chapter 9 that these ne[...]densities are intended mainly as a guide to local planning, and must be replaced in the local scheme by more detailed density zoning. Development in[...]ies with the general conditions prescribed in the Scheme Ordinance for the type of area. As previously exp[...]ilities available, and two general classes in the County Scheme, according to nuisance characteristics of the ind[...]ent. Most of the industrial areas defined in the County Scheme are subject to rsplanning of the street and lot l[...]ion depends on the existence of a tentative local scheme, defining rural or village settlements, as distin[...]precise definition of suitable areas by detailed planning. In the meantime, it must be applied with[...] |
| Page 201.. IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME District Centres Development permissible in dis[...]ould be the first affected by redevelopment. The County Centre The importance of administration of devel[...]ct centres is even more marked in relation to the County Centre. Development permissible therein under the Scheme Ordinance, subject to the detailed plan, is simil[...]ndustry being established indiscriminately in the County Csntrs,_ it must be recognised that certain types[...]nd maintenance. Larger industries required in the County Centre are certain types of printing works, such[...]and Harbour Scenic Protection Areas These two County proposals have similar characteristics, in that t[...]vement. In the first instance, and until detailed planning of these areas has reached an advanced stage, adm[...]rming Dave lopmcnt The land-use proposals of the County Scheme have resulted in a considerable amount of isolate[...]roposals to extend them. It is prescribed in the Scheme Ordinance that the Responsible Authority m[...] |
| IWIEMEMING THE SCHEME Page 205. urban areas would expand to surround t[...]forming development should be delayed until local planning has reached an advanced stage. By then a decision[...]of non-conformity without serious departure from planning principles. Development Affecting County Roads and Railway Proposals. Detailed designs[...]access or frontage to certain major roads in the County Scheme). Until these designs have been prepared, it will[...]h later in this chapter and in Chapter 19. LOCAL PLANNING The Local Planning Unit It is obvious from the frequent references[...]ion to the local plan, that the implementation of County land-use proposals cannot be fully effective until local planning has reached a stage at which at least a tentative plan is produced. For instance, in a County living area, conforming development includes not[...]azardly, would destroy the effect- iveness of the County proposal. To quote another instance, small settle[...]many of the present local government areas in the County are not suitable for local planning. Suitable units, generally much larger than many of the present ones, are established physically in the County Scheme by open space and road patterns. These are compac[...]t area they embrace groups of them, so that local planning may be carried out by joint action by the local c[...]for in the Act. The responsibility of the local planning authority iith respect to each of these units will be to prepare a detailed planning scheme within the framework provided by the County Scheme. The need to vary in minor degree the outline of the County Scheme is bound to arise, as the result of further investigation carried out in connection with such planning. This may involve minor amendment to the County Scheme when the local Scheme has been prepared and, in any case, the need for[...]onsideration at a regular periodical review. The County Plan takes the form of a series or pattern of com[...]n or rural, must be planned separately in detail. County planning having resolved the County into separate units, local planning must resolve each of these units even further, es[...]ntially the residential neighbourhood. The Local Scheme in its initial stage should comprise - (a) Road pattern - planning of the local transit roads, establishing[...] |
| Page 206. IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME (1:) Living Areas - establishment of the neig[...]nt (supplementary to those broadly defined in the County Scheme). (c) Centres - partition of area into appropria[...]areas. (e) Industrial Areas - complete detailed planning (since industrial areas are the major instrument of dispersal according to the County Scheme). (2‘) General — architectural control, part[...]selection of sites for buildings and in detailed planning. The subsequent stage would involve detailed planning or replanning of each of the smaller units establ[...]ural amenities, and architectural con- trol. The County Centre Dominating the whole pattern of local planning units is the County Centre, occupying the inner core of the City of S[...]roviding the essence of unification for the whole County. Detailed planning of the County Centre, though following the technique of local and county planning, represents an entirely different problem in the components of the County Scheme. Whereas the living areas and industrial area generally dominate local planning, commerce, administration and communal establishments are foremost in planning the County Centre. The disposition of these components is no[...]g, even to the extent necessary in ordinary local planning, but rather the adjustment of a delicate piece of[...]rtant in the third dimension as it is spatially. Planning or replanning the County Centre in the first stage should embrace the foll[...]ransport services. (d) Sectional division of the County Centre - allocation of areas for retail, w[...] |
| IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME Page 207. The urgency for the preparation of a detailed scheme for the County Centre cannot be too strongly emphasised. Virtual[...]need for the utmost caution in administering the Scheme Ordinance and interim zoning plans (in the absence of a complete detailed scheme). Consider- ation of these interim plans and revi[...]ne of the earliest steps of implementation of the County Scheme. FURTHER COUNTY PLANNING Though the bulk of detailed planning of land developnent will be undertaken by local planning authorities, some of it, because of the comprehensive nature of the proposals, must be undertaken by the County Planning Authority. There are also additions to be made to the County Scheme. Further County planning would include - (a) Detailed planning of Green Belt. (1:) Attention to matters referre[...]101. for which provision has not been made in the County Scheme. Detailed planning required in the Green Belt embraces areas larger than the local planning unit. It involves, basically, consideration and investigation similar to that required in the detailed planning for rural areas generally — the location and de[...]n be greatly enhanced. Further investigation and planning on a County scale may also be necessary in con- nectim with m[...]vision for these matters has not been made in the County Scheme in the nature of specific proposals but must remain to be covered in the further planning of the County and subsequent amendment of the Scheme. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION All of the proposals in the County Plan concerning roads, railways, special use and[...]t, minor variations in the locations shown on the County Plan may be necessary. The Scheme Ordinance provides that prior to construction (including acquisition of land) being undertaken in respect of County roads or railways, details of the land affected s[...]sed in relation to the land shown affected in the Scheme plans as amplified by detailed information obtain[...]s chapter, there are no specific proposals in the County Plan directly involving the actual design and construction of public utilities, nor is the County Planning Authority concerned with their ideals of design a[...]with the other services. The main concern of the County Planning Authority is that the provision of public utiliti[...]in conformity with the land-use proposals of the Scheme and with a co—ordinated programme of imp[...] |
| Page 208. IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME of new facilities should be carried out until[...]to transport, realisation of the objection of the County Scheme depends a great deal on the replanning of present[...]quirements of dispersal and defence. The proposed County road system may gener- ally be regarded as the route network for County road transport, while the local plan for district[...]ntial. Acquisition Many of the proposals of the County Scheme which require construction (and thus rssumptions[...]any of a number of suitable temporary uses. The County proposal might also involve more land (generally[...]ibed, should rest with the Responsible Authority (County Council), and that the land should be held (to be[...]ses. Co-oniinat ion All of the proposals of the County Scheme, and consequently their implementation are, to va[...]ployment, and so on. Just as the proposals of the County Scheme are the result of relating the several needs and[...]cn in construction and also in detailed design or planning. (Io—ordination in construction means implement[...]e early stages. Co-ordination in design or detail planning means the conformity in detail of inter— related proposals. Ths Scheme provides for co-ordination to be achieved[...] |
| IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME Page 209. attention in the early stages. For ins[...]Special Uses Railways Public Utilities Sewerage County Centre Determining the stages of implementation[...]to living areas the phases would be - (a) Local planning (b) Housing (large’soale) (c) Redevelopment and in industrial areas - (a) Detailed planning (b) Acquisition (where necessary) ( c) Site devel[...]r of importance) only the initial stages of local planning would be attempted. Not all industrial areas or o[...]rogramme of implementation does not accompany the County Scheme. Its preparation, however, should immediately follow approval of the Scheme, and if possible be commenced beforehand. The responsibility for implementation of the County Scheme and for the organisation involved cannot rest with one authority. Just as the preparation of the Scheme itself has been a combined effort based on the co[...]posals of the several authorities responsible for County works and services, so must successful implementation of the Scheme depend on continued co-ordination. |
| [...]derations of a proposal of such wide scope as the County Planning Scheme. They must be well conceived and of adequate range if the benefits of planning are to be realised. The first axiom in any analysis of town planning finance is that it costs the community more not t[...]ncreases their cost: many of the proposals in the Scheme could have been put into effect 50 or 100 years a[...]better utility services, are foreshadowed _in the County Plan. Their cost should not be confused with the cost of planning, because they will have to be provided in some fo[...]ble, whether or not there is a plan. The cost of planning is the cost of preparing the Plan only. While it[...]recoverable betterment. The cost of preparing the County Plan is but a small insurance premium to protect County assets - land and improvement valued at £700,000[...]ey and efficiency offered to the community by the County Plan may be summarised thus - To the individual:[...]ons such as sewerage; greater surety in their own planning of service extensions. To State and Federal Gove[...]over-all regional plan for an area as vast as the County of Cumberland and containing such a diversity of human e[...] |
| [...]expansion, manpower and materials become normal. Planning on a regional or County basis has aspects which are national in scope and character, related to the State or County, and .those which are peculiarly local. Therefore[...]ely allocated to the Commonwealth, the State, the County or the local authority. The submissions and reco[...]ble apportionment of the cost of implementing the Scheme. Provision is made also for private enterprise to[...]raged to undertake development conforming to the Scheme. The major aspects of planning. are - (a) Main traffic arteries. (b) Slum Clea[...]roads, railways and other works envisaged in the Scheme will be the responsibility of the Constructing Au[...]uction of such works. MAIN TRAFFIC ARTERIES 'The Scheme provides for the construction of the following mo[...]Circumferential Route (not at present defined on County Plan.) In addition, provision is made for the co[...]f 121 miles of existing main roads. The City and County motorway system will form part of the Commonwealt[...]tion will arise because of the delineation on the Scheme Map of this new road system, and finance to cover[...]ING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUB-STANDARD AREAS The Scheme sets asidaliving areassui‘ficisnt in ext[...] |
| [...]ND ADMINISTRATION and re-housing is vital to the Scheme. These proposals will be restricted to the housing of persons displaced by Scheme planning projects and will only be undertaken by the Respo[...]UISITJON OF LAND r OPEN SPACE AND FORESHORES The County Scheme provides for the reservation of open space and th[...]ch land should be resumed is provided for in the Scheme. r Such acquisition shall be carried out by and[...]open space and foreshore reservation shown in the County Scheme. In addition, however, provision will be made for the acquisition on a County basis of areas of less than 15 acres which, although not included in the Scheme Map, are of County significance and form part of the County green wedge and open space network. ‘ The Scheme does not debar the Responsible Authority from giv[...]c greater facilities for its beneficial use. The Scheme provides for a restrictive reservation to be plac[...]mic usefulness. Similar provision is made in the Scheme for the reservation for public use of sele[...] |
| [...]f open space and foreahores to be undertaken on a County basis by the Responsible Authority, and for this[...]arrange for the acquisition of vacant land within County open space or foreshore areas, except where the o[...]ration of any provision contained in a prescribed scheme. The execution of any works under the scheme. The imposition of any restriction by or under the Scheme. Similarly, compensation is payable to an[...] |
| [...]RATION carrying into effect of the prescribed scheme. Compensation creates a delicate problem at the outset of planning, for the question is to rectify the many errors o[...]flicting any injustice on individuals. While the Scheme was in preparation, local councils showed reluctance to under- take planning projects because of fear of incurring unknown oomitments for compensation. It has become plain that the planning of an area such as the County of Cumberland, in many ways unbalanced in development, must be[...]ted to shoulder the burden. At this stage of the County's growth, compensation claims will occur most hea[...]. Failure to face up to this problem resulted in planning being largely ineffectual in Great Britain for al[...]itish Government has now, by the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, assumed financial responsibility for planning. A central Fund, provided by the British Governme[...]thought, has been applied in the proposals of the Scheme. It must he remembered that the County Plan is overall in scope and is based on County requirements. It affects 1,630 square miles and m[...]and betterment therefore, must be related to the County as a whole and not to particular areas, because o[...]e distribution of the benefits and liabilities of County planning . Compensation will arise from the refusal of an[...]psnnt because it contravene the provisions of the Scheme relating to zoning, or because the proposed devel[...], railway or other works proposal provided in the Scheme. With regard to claims in respect of land[...] |
| [...]result of the reservation of land for some future planning purpose, provision will need to be made to meet t[...]‘ recommended that betterment in respect of the County Scheme shall be paid into the Central Flaming Fund admin[...]compensation claims arising fro implementing the Scheme. The zoning of land for industrial, residential[...]t at the time of the coming into operation of the Scheme and the market value of the estate or interest if the Scheme had not come into operation. Any compensation wh[...]e compulsory acquisition of open space will be by County rate subsidised by the Government. Primar[...] |
| [...]ent to proceed. (b) To insert a provision in the Scheme that, where land has become incapable or reasonab[...]e first course would have thrown the whole of the County living area zone out of balance and would have perpetuated ainiless' "sprawl", ‘one of the evils which the Scheme aims to correct. The alternative (b) will preserve the planning principles on which the Scheme is based. However, the liability for the acquisit[...]OF LAND FCR REPLANNING Provision is made in the Scheme Ordinance for the acquisition of urban allot- men[...]ide a well-balanced distribution of industry on a county-wide pattern. Much of the land is in residential[...]e land is not for sale in suitable parcels. The County Council has urged constituent councils to underta[...]e reluctant to undertake this important aspect of planning implementation. It is also necessary to acquire[...]s are out of balance with present building costs. Planning must recognise the obligation to ensure that disp[...]here a property is resumed for the purpose of the Scheme, the owner shall be res-established in a propert[...]building costs, where resumption is necessary for planning. The success of planning, and its administration in the best public[...] |
| [...]d. This development charge would be paid into the County Planning Fund to offset compensation and acquisition costs[...]that the sale of land which has been acquired for planning and resale shall be excluded from the operations[...]ands are available where necessary throughout the County, it is proposed that the Responsible Authority be[...]or industrial and residential purposes within the County, where deemed necessary, and also where the local[...]illing or unable to undertake this function. The Scheme also authorises the Responsible Authority to cont[...]Responsible Authority. FINANCIAL PROVISIONS (5) COUNTY PLANNING FUND That the County Scheme be financed by a County Planning Rate not exceeding .3d. in the .6 levied on the Unimproved Capital Value of all rateable land within the County District, reduced by one half in respect of urban farm lands. The County Flaming Rate to be subsidised on the basis of £1[...]wealth Governments for each £1. raised by way of County Planning Rate. (b) MAIN TRAFFIC ARTERIES. NEW RAIIJVAYS,[...]l buildings and other projects, delineated on the Scheme map, including compensation for the reservation a[...]regarded as an extremely long range aspect of the Scheme, for which special arrangements will need to be m[...]conforming development of a minor character. The County Council submits that the planning proposal in the Scheme will benefit the whole community and effect a hug[...]and Commonwealth funds. In recommending that the Scheme be financed partly -Jy the levy of a County Planning Rate and partly by Commonwealth and St=t st“-sidy, Council was influenced by the principle that the Scheme has aspects which are national in scope and character, related to the State, the County and the locality and finance to put the Scheme into effect should be accordingly allocated. The County embraces the State capital, the Commonwealt} 's l[...]because of overcentralisation and congestion. The County Scheme aims to remedy these conditions, to provid[...] |
| [...]entirely from property rating, and to finance the County Scheme in whole 'from this source would impose an unfair[...]tial costs of implementing the local schemes. The County Scheme will benefit not merely the property owner but ev[...]al, in addition to ratepayers will benefit by the County Scheme. The method of financing the scheme recommended by the Council will ensure that the g[...]of the inevitable first cost of implementing the County Scheme appropriately to the individual, the State and the Commonwealth. COUNTY TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING FUND It is recommended that a County Town and Country Planning Fund be created, to be administered by the Respon[...]eivable in respect of any of the purposes of this Scheme; (17) all moneys borrowed in respect of any of the purposes of this Scheme; (0) the p‘oceede of any rate levied in respect of any of the purposes of this Scheme and including any rate levied in respect of such[...]nt charge imposed in pursuance of the Act or this Scheme; (a) all moneys transferred from any other fund of the Council to the County Town and Country Flaming Fund in respect of any of the purposes of this Scheme, Such County Town and County Flaming Fund may be applied to any of the following purposes: (a) any of the purposes of this Scheme; ('0) transfers to any reserves or sinking fund[...]f moneys borrowed for any of the purposes of this Scheme; (c) payment of principal, interest and expenses[...]orrowed in respect of any of the purposes of this Scheme; ((1) any purpose of the Act or of this Scheme related or incidental or ancillary to town planning or country planning; (e) any purpose authorised by or under this Scheme for the application of the Fund. |
| [...]‘ *z'ilwsys and w; r :v'r-rlts envisaged in the Scheme including campense'ion for He reservati‘r (22-4[...]here replanning and re— hcusing is vital to the Scheme. Sue" proposals to be restricted to the re- housing of persons displaced by Scheme projects where the local council is unable or unw[...]be financed by long term loans repayable from the County Town and Country Flaming Fund. Built up, improved[...]ct of claims arising from Green Belt zoning. 5 . COUNTY RATE. Cost of acquisition of open space, foreshores, green belt compensation and all other planning cost payable by the Responsible Authority to be financed from the proceeds of a County Rate 05‘ not exceeding .3d (three-tenths of one[...]mprcved Capital Value of all ratesble land in the County, (the rate to be one half in respect of urban far[...]he Commonwealth Government for each £1 raised by County rate. |
| CLmRLAND COUNTY PLANNING SCREW} IMPLEMENTING CCST OVER 50 YEARS PERIOD.[...]sation: (3) Green Belt 750,000 750,000 90,151 (b) County Roads other than Expressway: 122,000 122,000 6,47[...]only sill be financed Prom Revenue. Proceeds of County Hats Government Suhaidx Commonwealth State Gr[...]etc. [_ ESTIYJATED INCOYE BASED (N COUNTY CEUNGII'S EFCPV'El-‘DATICHS[...] |
| ”Titttoqcum CUM LOCRL 54‘5ng THE PLANNING SCHEME FOR THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND NEW SOUTH WALES The Report of the Cumberland County Council to the Hon. I. I. Cahill, M.L.A. Ministe[...]th Iuly 1948 i 0 , > CENTRAL 0 l: LIBRARY 5 CUMBERLAND COUNTY COUNCIL SYDNEY 1948 |
| MACQUARIE PLACE, SYDNEY Here is the heart of the County—the common ground of age and youth, of h[...] |
| [...]pcration and assistance in the preparation of the Planning Scheme. PHOTOGRAPHS The sources of the following[...] |
| [...]— — — — xvii PART I. INTRODUCTION 1 THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND — — — — — _ . . _ _ _ _ 1 2 THE PLANNING TASK — - — — — _ - . - . . . _ _ 8 3 PLANNING POLICY AND TECHNIQUE — — - . . . . _ - . _ 13[...]AL PLAN - - - — _ . . . . . . _ . 60 PART III. PLANNING PROPOSALS 9 LIVING AREAS — — — — — —[...]_ . 190 PART IV. REALISATION 18 IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME - - — — — _ . . . . . _ 199 I9 FINANCE AND[...]NS BY LOCAL COUNCILS TO THE COST OF PREPARING THE PLANNING SCHEME — — . - . . . . _ _ _ _ _ 224 |
| viii MAPS AND DIAGRAMS CHAPTER I—THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND The County and adjoining areas — - - - - - - — — — Facing Page 2 The County - - — , — — . — . . . . _ _ ” n 6 CHAPT[...]1) 50 CHAPTER 7w—NATIONAL PROBLEMS National and County population (Graph) - - - — — - - . — Page 5[...]— — Folding Supplement Principles of district planning - - — - - - » - — — — Page 85 CHAPTER lO—INDUSTRY Factory employment—County and Australia (Graph) — — — - - — Page 87[...]— — - — — — - — — . — - ,, n 136 County open space — — — - — — - - - — - - -[...]raph) ~ — - - - - — - — — - ,, ,, 186 THE COUNTY PLAN - — — - - — - - — Folding Sup[...] |
| ix PHOTOGRAPHS THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND 1 The Tank Stream, 1840 — — — - — — -[...]dland — - - — — - — — - ,, 1, n 20. The CumberlandScheme — — — - - - - n n 11 43 Municipal Fl[...] |
| xiii CUMBERLAND COUNTY COUNCIL The Cumberland County Council was constituted by an amendment to the Lo[...]ct in Iuly, 1945, for the purpose of preparing a Planning Scheme for the County of Cumberland. The municipalities and shires of the County elected ten delegates, who constitute the[...] |
| [...]who shared the responsibilities of preparing the County Planning Scheme. MAIDEN, Herbert E. r-'.L.C.A. County Clerk LUKER, Sidney L. 3.56..(crv.£nc.)A.M.INsr.c.E., MJ.E.AUST., M.r.c.1>.r.Ausr.“ Chief County Planner FRASER, Roderick D. L., A.M.T.P.I., M.r.s., M.T.c.p.r.AusT.* Deputy County Planner DAVIS, Alfred I., LLB. Solicitor TAYLOR, William E. F.L.CIA. Deputy County Clerk IUDD, Caldwell W. Public Relation: Ofiire[...]iam C. A.M.I.E.AUST., M.1.s.. A.R.sAN.r.* Senior Planning Oflicer WILLIAMSON, Charles D. A.M.I.E.AU5T.,[...]ART, Charles R. A.M.r.E.AUsT.“ Senior Area‘ Planning Ofiicer Administration CUTHBERT, Albert H., A.[...]etty THITCHENER, Ioan TRUMAN, Mollie TUCK, Grace Planning and Investigation BAMBACH, Iohn D. BUDDLE, Bruce[...]., F.R.c.s. YUILL, Bruce E, me. Liaison and Area Planning Oflicerr DICKSON, Edward F., A.s.r.c. H[...] |
| I” PREFACE The Cumberland County Planning Sclleme,'herewith presented, represents the firs[...]effect to the science and art of town and country planning. In the preparation of this Scheme it was necessary to look beyond the County of Cum— berland, to study State and Commonwealt[...]respects it points the need for action beyond the County, to the limits of the Commonwealth. The Scheme is much more than a collection of plans. It is a[...]upon the ground. We feel that it is a commonsense scheme, practical in its economics and finance. It reco[...]ir benefits for all. The Government charged the Cumberland County Council with the preparation of this Scheme within three years from 27th July, 1945. In compl[...]ewarded if I may see the early realisation of the Scheme. No praise for the work of the staff can be too[...]labours have made possible the production of the Scheme in the record working time of two years at a cost[...]e contributed largely and effectively to make the Scheme the first overall proposal for the practical and economic coordination of future public works involving County land use. |
| [...]imited suggestions from private citizens. If the Cumberland County Council has been the producer of the Scheme, all the authori- ties named—and the people—have been joint collaborators. The Scheme may therefore be regarded as a People‘s Plan, a[...]historic task completed, the Council presents the Scheme to the Government, in the belief that Parliament, as makers of the Town and Country Planning Act, will neither delay nor falter in afiirming the Ordinance and so give the Scheme value and meaning. Thus the way will be opened fo[...]WAZZ' A.R.A.I.A., M.T.C.P.I. Amt” . Chairman, Cumberland County Council. 27th July, 1948. |
| [...]GNMENT The Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act, 1945, gave local government the r[...]ial and economic betterment of the people. In the County of Cumberland (which embraces Sydney, Australia‘s largest city) the task was entrusted to the Cumberland County Council, which the legislation called into existence for the purpose of prepar- ing this Scheme for the guidance and control of future development within the County. In presenting the Scheme to the Government and Parliament of New South Wales, the Cumberland County Council believes that it is making a constructive[...]ny pressing problems, and that realisation of the Scheme will prevent the emergence of many other problems[...]ion of major social and economic problems through planning depends for success upon the people’s recogniti[...]ill M.L.A., when he told the inaugural meeting of Cumberland County Council on 13th November 1945 - "It is important that the scheme which the County Council will prepare should be both understood an[...]ls will be facilitated, as the preparation of the Scheme advances, by short explanatory articles in the pr[...]Particular care should be taken to show that the scheme is a considered measure for the welfare of the c[...]el that it is, as it is intended to be, their own scheme, and that the County Council is merely the instrument placed in their hands for giving shape to the scheme. I stress this, because it is the whole basis of the Government's legisla- tion that town and country planning shall be as democratic as it is possible to make it, and that the people shall join in the planning to the greatest possible extent, under skilled guidance. The people will not tolerate, and we will not have, planning imposed from above, without regard to the people's own‘hopes and desires." The County Scheme recognises the aspirations of the people. The aim[...]imit imposed by statute for the completion of the Scheme restricted the investigation and analysis of all[...]absolute essentials. Efficient realisation of the Scheme requires that more exhaustive and detailed study of many planning problems should follow. The County Scheme should therefore be regarded as the preliminary p[...]n of the Council The inaugural meeting of the Cumberland County Council was held in the New South Wales Go[...] |
| [...]hire and municipal councils, the Town and Country Planning Advisory Committee, Local Government and Shires A[...]Chairman and Mr. W.E. Taylor was appointed Acting County Clerk. Eight days later, on let November 1945, t[...]be paid; an estimate of the cost of preparing the Scheme and the contributions required from each constitu[...]Interim Plan represented a new technique in Town Planning and resulted in freeing the administrations of th[...]Council called applications for the positions of County Clerk, Chief County Planner and other staff appointments and the first appointments made were County Clerk (Mr. H.E. Maiden) and Chief County Planner (Mr. S.L. Luker) with three stenographers[...]ent room was secured in Wynyard Station where the Cumberland County Council commenced to build up its organisation. B[...]s to all councils to explain the functions of the County Council, its method of co-operation and the general procedure to be adopted in the prepara- tion of the County Scheme. The Chairman and Delegates were cordially receiv[...]with constituent councils. At the same time, Area Planning Officers commenced regular visits to local counci[...]with the Town Clerks and techni- cal officers on planning problems, and arranging for the submission to the County Council of maps setting out existing land use, residential districts and local planning proposals which formed the basis of the tentative[...](Interim Development Control) to the whole of the County of Cumberland. Council's administrative policy has its roots in the local government system. The elected delegates to the County Council, all experienced Aldermen or Shire Counci[...]ed invaluable in framing the policy of democratic planning. The policy aimed at the expeditious and economi[...]avoiding the dangers of restrictive and negative planning. |
| [...]_—_______ No solution has been included in the Scheme without full investigation of the problem and its[...]appreciation of the effect of all aspects of the Scheme upon the lives of the people in whose interest the task of planning had been undertaken. LEGISLATIVE SANCTION The Act The Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act 1945 provided for the insertion of[...]provides for the preparation of town and country planning schemes by municipal and shire councils and for the constitution of the Cumberland County Council for the preparation and submission to the[...]accordance with the provision of Part XIIA, of a scheme in respect of all land within the County District. Constitution of the Council The Cumberland County District was constituted by Gazette No. 78, 27th[...]the exception of the City of Sydney combined into County elec- torates, each to be represented by one dele[...]gation of Powers The delegation of powers to the Cumberland County Council was notified by Gazette No. 120, 9th Nove[...]cessary for the preparation and submission of the scheme referred to in section 342 AB of the aforesaid Act, as amended, which scheme shall, to the extent necess— ary to provide for the needs of the said County District as a whole and not of particular Municip[...]se of any work or service or any object which the Cumberland County Council is authorised by law to construct,[...] |
| [...]moneys so borrowed. For the purpose only of the Cumberland County Council exercising the powers or performing the d[...]th the like advice hereby further delegate to the Cumberland County Council the power to exercise or perform for the benefit of the Cumberland County District (but subject to the operation of the pro[...]n shall not prevent the Councils concerned in the Cumberland County District from exercising the same powers in relat[...]ns other than those specifically delegated to the Cumberland County Council in paragraph (a) above." |
| [...]d they believed in." Somerset Maugham This is a planning scheme for a vital and prosperous region, for the second[...]llion people . If all the primaer beauty of the County had been retained, or if all develop- ment had been wise and far-sighted, a planning scheme would not now be necessary. Sydney, in common wit[...]reserve the intangible spirit of its subject. The County of Cumberland, with a recorded history of only 160 years, has n[...]acter of the old world, yet to those who lmow the County, its colourful story is real and valuable, just[...]of the region to-day is a vibrant force. , This scheme for the County of Cumberland is intended to supplement - but not to supplant -[...]- "As it is necessary in Public Acts to name the County, I named it Cumberland and fixed its boundaries by Cer’marthen and Ien[...]t part of Botany Bay to the southward." Thus the County of Cumberland is the oldest defined region in Australia. When i[...]the general extent and plvsical character of the County remained. Covering 1,630 square miles, it[...] |
| Page 2 THE COUNTY OF CUL‘BERLAND The County of to-day is centred on the Cumberland Plain, rising to eroded up- lands in the north an[...]a vast store of coal, which surfaces outside the County, but within easy reach. The Hawkesbury River (wh[...]ributaries and the Ocean, forms almost the entire County boundary) is now the only notable stream, the oth[...]settlers labour shortages were forgotten and the County began its great development as an administrative[...]ll over a million - and there were 430,000 in the County of Cumberland. Until this time communities had develope[...] |
| ‘\ ,1? [I‘ll-"1.9K _\ THE COUNTY . AND DJOINING AREAS I -— _ CUUNW[...] |
| THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND Page 3 Between 1891 and 1911 the Metropolitan[...]rn the whole Australian colony, the centre of the County, and still later the clearing-house for the State[...]hts and depressions left no permanent scar on the County, and despite the transfer of many administrative[...]ecame imperative. FUNCTIONS AND INFLUENCE OF THE COUNTY The County of to-day contains 1,702,000 people - 57 per cent[...]the Metropolis contains abnost 90 per cent of the County population. It is the capital of New South Wales,[...]'s air- lines. The industrial development of the County is due mainly to the lack of other good ports and[...]re the coal regions to the north and south of the County where iron, steel and associated industries have been established. In the 11,000 factories of the County more than a quarter of a million workers are enga[...]or serviced from Sydney. The other towns of the County, though almost as old, lost most of their[...] |
| Page 4 THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND at Liverpool, St. Mary‘s and Riverstone, however, and with further dispersal of County industry the improvement of many rural towns shou[...]eat belt of sandstone plateaux which encloses the Cumberland Plain is rugged and mainly sterile, and its econo[...]on the Metropolis. By nature and development the County of Cumberland is almost a perfect planning region. Despite some slight deviations, particula[...]functional unity. While it seems a departure from planning principles to place the boundary of a region alo[...]roken country beyond the Nepean. The size of the County, the diversity of its resources and activities en[...]unity of social and traditional interests in the County is strong, despite its large population. These fa[...]ablish its suitability as the subject of a single planning task. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND PLANNING The first attempts to plan Sydney followed immed[...]ring the period before the Industrial Revolution, planning was being attempted in some towns, notably[...] |
| THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND Page 5 incorporated, but no provision was mad[...]with separate powers, had taken over many of the County‘s functions. Following the collapse of private[...]ation units and provided for the establishment of County Councils (for specific purposes) and for Urban Co[...]ry towns. Until the creation of Town and Country Planning Authorities in 1945, the local government system,[...]ng attention. The defects existing throughout the County are legacies of a system which perpetuated an exc[...]ary development. Since the introduction of a town planning division in the Local Government Act many local government bodies have been engaged in earnest planning of their areas. The value of their activities, ho[...]development. Thus the position arose where the "planning" of an area was largely carried out by lan[...] |
| Page 6 THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND The Department of Main Roads has had power since its inception to construct roads through the County, but neither the Department nor a Council concern[...]ference to the need for research into modern town planning methods and requirements. Councils, fearing encro[...]re services, duplication of research and abortive planning, the public has been obliged to bear the expense[...]that system is the most vital social need of the County. The Need for Co-ordination Co—ordination, fa[...]t. Nothing but the implementation of co-ordinated planning can recapture the people's enthusiasm and confidence. Regional planning involves the widest poasible examination of the p[...]e reluctant to subscribe to the needs of regional planning. Not only will the over-all pattern suffer a lack of cohesion, but the standards of planning will vary according to the financial standing, r[...]Councils. It is the function of town and country planning to arm authorities with the means to endow[...] |
| [...]CAMPBELLTOWN SHIRE Appln. LEGEND “WW 5 THE COUNTY OF K , G R E A1'E R «5 MUNIEIIJAL L SHI[...] |
| THE. COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND Page 7 THE OPPORTUNITY Rarely in the County's history has there been such an appropriate time[...]when the chance will arise again, and by then the planning task will have become immeasurably more difficult and costly. Planning of the County must not only take into account its resources and[...]n in timed stages. The existence of an impressive County Plan should not mislead the public into believin[...]as a unit would be wasted. The presentation of a planning scheme at this particular time has been questioned on se[...]lar reactions have strangled previous attempts at planning in this County. The first quality required of government and peo[...]ed than that of London where the new plan for the County was evolved in the days of greatest trouble. The Cumberland planning scheme will, naturally, be a broad one, but it will prov[...]costly mistakes while a more precise and detailed scheme is being prepared. Such a plan, in avoiding deta[...]owers are necessary to co-ordinate control. This scheme transcends any previous attempt to find a bold and scientific solution to the County's problems. In itself it has no value: onl[...] |
| [...]act to make better provision for town and country planning" was passed. Many factors combined to inspire th[...]dential, industrial and traffic development. Bold planning, which had once been regarded as a luxurious expe[...]task or powers and consequently achieved little. Planning in the County of Cumberland has, therefore, a background of futility and defeat. Most plans were too ambitious or related planning to the demands of commerce and the glorification[...]BILITIES The Act of 1945 provides for the future planning of all Municipalities and Shires in the State. It also requires that the Cumberland County Council should prepare and submit to the Minister for Local Government, within three years, a scheme in respect of all land within the County District. The prescribed powers of the Council, with regard to the preparation of this scheme, can best be summarised in three categories:- (1) Planning. (ii) Administration (including the securi[...] |
| THE PLANNING TASK Page 9 LIMITATIONS OF TIME Although the Act required that the Cumberland County Scheme should be completed in three years, many factors[...]ective time available for the task. Before actual planning could begin it was necessary to wait upon electio[...]n over-all character, relying on subsequent local planning to work out details. This objective has been achi[...]y which inevitably follows the submission of any planning scheme. NATURE OF THE SCHEME within the scope of the Act and Ordinance the Council has interpreted its task as a regional planning scheme. Ordinance 104 of the Act states that the Scheme shall include provision only for certain matters "to the extent necessary to provide for the needs of the County District as a whole and not of particular Municip[...]he latter makes no specific reference to regional planning. However, it provides the County Council with adequate powers for regional planning, even though these provisions have been superimp[...]neral framework which provides primarily for town planning. As indicated in the previous chapter, the County of Cumberland complies generally with the definition of a regio[...]e Council has interpreted its task as a regional planning scheme, certain factors relating to the importance and characteristics of the County and to the general attitude towards planning have required special consideration. These factor[...]te influences. (b) Attitude of the public towards planning. (c) Framework for local planning. NATIONAL AND STATE INFLUENCES The role of the County of Cumberland as an integral part of the Commonwealth is more important than that of any area in Australia. The County's population of l,702,000, dominated by Sydney's[...]nts 23 per cent of the national population. The County has a predominant influence on the State of New S[...]e development of coal and metals lies outside the County boundaries. It follows that the County must be planned in logical relationship with the State and the Nation and the Scheme must take into account the major influences resulting from Commonwealth and State policy. Firstly, rends in County population are closely related to those of[...] |
| [...]n will have a marked effect on development of the County. The effect of State decentralisation upon second[...]ies touches not only industrial employment in the County, but also the Port of Sydney and associated comme[...]vity. So important are these influences that the planning of any region subject to them must not only be re[...]is is especially true of a vital area such as the County of Cumberland which will reflect every change in the condition[...]n of government policies is an essential basis of County planning. Naturally, some such policies are vague and tent[...]l exist a need for a corresponding change in the Scheme. This means that, while deductions and projection[...]cies may be accurate, the ultimate success of the Scheme can emerge only on implementation. In those aspe[...]despite the most scientific, bold and imaginative planning for the future, des- pite any assessment of trend[...]to forecast the future of world peace. Short of planning for mass decentralisation from the County, which only national policy could dictate, and short of a wide dispersal of population throughout the County which defence considerations alone could Justify, the County Council has had constant regard to the practical[...]extent to which they could be applied within the County. Beyond these immediate provisions it is not com[...]r future war. THE ATTITUDE OF THE PUBLIC TOWARDS PLANNING The Town and Country Planning provisions of the Act, in keeping with the spirit[...]he whole fabric of Local Government, implies that planning will be a democratic process. This applies equally to County and local planning. No other factor could affect the success of the Scheme as vitally as the attitude of the people. Planning on the scale undertaken for the County of Cumberland is without precedent in Australia. The Scheme has been prepared out of public funds and must be[...]nce, which is likely to affect all that is in the County and all who live in it, must not be brought about[...]n depends upon an understanding of the purpose of planning, of the urgent need for the proposed changes and[...]efore, are essential accompaniments of democratic planning. The Cumberland County Council recognises that, in order to recon[...] |
| [...]Page 11 valuable as a gradual application of planning principles and requirements. Irrespective of any movement towards education of the public, however, the scheme must eventually resolve itself into those proposa[...]r in Parliament itself. The public acceptance of planning will increase as its purpose is fully under— st[...]In any case, one of the greatest contributions of planning will already have been made in the stimulation of[...]of self-help and initiative. FRAMEWORK FOR LOCAL PLANNING The ideal unit for local planning is obviously one in which there is complete commu[...]ork and play in harmony, and the whole purpose of planning such an area is to provide better conditions for[...]aries define the whole unit. Although a regional scheme is not concerned with the details of local planning, it is vitally concerned with the framework for all local schemes. The Act constituting the Cumberland County Council provides for all local plans to_ conform to the County Plan. Local planning can, therefore, be regarded as the implementation[...]practical solution to the problem which faced the County Council in deciding the relationship of the Scheme to local areas. Apart from the provisions in respect of the County of Cumberland in particular, it provides that any number of Councils may combine to form a joint authority. Local planning, if it is to be effective, must be based on these planning units, defined in such a way that planning can easily be related to both the units themselves and the County Plan. The requirements of adjoining areas is made known by the over-all scheme, thus providing the framework for detailed inter-[...]etween adjoining areas. Logically, therefore, the County Scheme provides a pattern of local units or districts capable of separate detailed planning. PERIOD OF THE SCHEME The period for which the County Scheme provides has been treated in two separate parts:- 1. The Statutory Scheme The first twenty-five years to 1972. A period in[...]be foreseen fairly accurately, conditions in the County are unlikely (short of catastrophes such as world[...]ying or such as have been assumed as the basis of planning. 2. The Ultimate Scheme A further period of twenty-five years to[...] |
| Page 12 THE PLANNING TASK century, in which (again apart from any[...]nal and state policies can be expected to emerge. Planning for this second period is naturally subject to ce[...]conjectural element. Naturally, during the first planning period, conditions will arise which will affect t[...]for periodical review of the plan by a competent planning authority. OBJECTS OF THE SCHEME From a review of the nature and extent of the County, and the significance and causes of the conditio[...]ted, it is possible to set out the objects of the Scheme. Essentially the achievement of these objects sho[...]l background, as well as for the retention of the County's high place in national affairs. The broad objects which have guided the preparation of the Scheme can be stated:- (a) To plan the County as a region — and one which (since it embraces[...]d enhance the beauty and natural resources of the County. (c) Within the scope of town and country planning to provide the people of the County with the best conditions of living, working and r[...]t functioning of industry and commerce within the County. (6) To provide for the developments resulting from changes in the County's population and functions and for the redevelopm[...](f) To provide a framework for local and detailed planning. (g) To produce a plan acceptable to an enlighte[...]the authorities responsible for facilitating the County‘s development. |
| [...]icy and technique to be followed in preparing the County Scheme, it was natural that they‘should seek guidance[...]seas planners. But almost all reports on overseas planning projects concentrated on the plans that had emerg[...]whether the plan is a sound one in this regard. A planning authority should be able to show that, apart from[...]echniques followed in preparing this Plan for the County of Cumberland. MAIN FEATURES OF PREPARATION Because of the magnitude and complexity of the task, the preparation of the Scheme involved much more than mere planning, with consequent investigation and analysis. The County included 68 local Councils and many central authorities, all vitally concerned with the development of the County. This consideration involved special organisation and technique, especially since the County Council had determined two fundamental policies — the one, to complete pre- paration of the Scheme within the statutory period (by 27th July, 1948);[...]f the organisation adopted for preparation of the Scheme were:— (a) Interim Development Control. (b) Public Relations. (c) Liaison and Consultation. (d) Planning and Investigation. Although these features were[...]EVELOPMENT CONTROL From 12th July 1946, when the County Council became the County planning authority, all land within the County became subject to interim development cont[...] |
| Page 14 PLANNING POLJCY AND TECHNIQUE exercised by the Cumberland County Council jointly with the council of the area in w[...]plications, not only between the councils and the County Council, but with any Government Depart- ments or[...]o be affected by the development. Obviously, the County Council could not deal with every application by[...]to the implementation of what must be a technical scheme. Plans prepared behind locked doors have rarely b[...]final success of the Plan. The Town and Country Planning Act itself anticipated this need, firstly by making members of the public eligible to sit on local Planning Committees, and secondly by requiring exhibition of the County Scheme and supporting maps for public examination and co[...]ntation to the Minister for Local Government. The Cumberland County Council, accepting the demo- cratic principles of[...]nformed on proposals and decisions throughout the planning period. The first function of this section was t[...]t and by exhibition, the stage development of the County Scheme has been presented and explained to all those int[...], therefore, has been responsible for keeping the County Council informed on current thought and comment on planning proposals. Two principles, then, guided the Coun[...]nt powers and in the course of preparation of the Scheme. A special staff was appointed to consult regula[...]evelopment control but to secure appreciation of County planning principles and proposals and to bring forward any local suggestions or proposals of County significance. Although this liaison was t[...] |
| PLANNING POLICY AND TECHNIQUE Page 15 the County Council and the local council, there were many occasions, especially in the later stages of planning, when it was augmented by direct consultation between the local planning officer and senior officers of the County Council. In addition, formal consultation took p[...]s at frequent intervals during preparation of the Scheme and upon its completion. For liaison with Govern[...]re appointed from the Council's investigation and planning staffs. These officers were responsible for liais[...]a series of consultations began between the Chief County Planner and senior technical officers of the depa[...]t might be reached on the basic principles of the Scheme. This was followed by a series of technical consultations on the actual proposals of the Scheme, culminating in formal discussions between the Chairman of the County Council and the Heads of each Department. The Council published a series of planning bulletins, written to bring before other authorities those planning principles which were affecting the course of the Scheme. Circulation of these bulletins was generally lim[...]ed. PIANNING AND INVESTIGATION The merit of any planning scheme for a region of established population and extens[...]technique adopted, both in the preparation of the Scheme and in its implementation. For instance, the technique which would be used for the planning of an entirely undeveloped region, where the plan[...]e community and the Plan must suffer. Successful planning of a developed area depends on the degree of reco[...]a whole. These considerations were the basis of planning for the County of Cumberland. Satisfactory features of existing development we[...]f plans during the period of prepara- tion of the Scheme:- (a) Interim Plans. (b) The Functional[...] |
| Page 16 PLANNING POIJCY AND TECHNIQUE reasonably satisfactory development unlikely to be affected by County planning. The first Interim Plan was introduced concurrent[...]sed on a rapid survey of existing land use in the County. when the second Interim Plan was introduced in[...]7, a more detailed investigation had been made of County problems and tentative planning proposals were being fomnulated. By this time it[...]attempts could be made to restore order. As the Scheme progressed, amendments were made to the second In[...]tions by local councils. Finally, just before the County Scheme was submitted, a Special Control Plan was introduced for the guidance of all development until the Scheme becomes operative. The Functional Plan While th[...]mmediate development, atten— tion was turned to planning for the future - the actual preparation of the Scheme. Planning a region such as this County, which provided for all the functions of its lar[...]f the existing distribution of development in the County. The plan was by no means precise in detail, but[...]ic pattern on the topographical background of the County, illustrating the major principles on which the s[...]tribution was based. It was gradually modified as planning studies progressed, and is submitted in complete form in support of the Scheme. The Statutory Plan The second phase of planning was to apply the functional outline to the physical structure of the County. In doing so it was necessary to recognise the ex[...]ard growth, little thought had ever been given to planning for the requirements of the County as a whole. 2. The general public, which might have benefited from such planning, had through several generations grown acc[...] |
| PLANNING POLICY AND TECHNIQUE Page 17 controlling developnent, the Act prescribed that the County Plan must be a statutory planning scheme - a complete legal document for the control of fu[...]t recognises that great changes must occur in the County of to-day, that some semblance of order must be d[...]tage of more detailed investigation, a wider town-planning experience and the new solutions which are certai[...]' The Ultimate Plan The fact that the Statutory Scheme needs to contain an element of compromise (recognising the probable effects of the sharp impacts of bold planning ideas on an unprepared comunity) does not imply t[...]bility, and when the comunity, more accustomed to planning and its effects, can be expected to be fully rece[...]ot be regarded as final, but rather as a stage of planning, intended to consolidate existing satisfactory fe[...]bly be rectified within the period of a statutory scheme. .There are others for which the County Council could not provide until it had the guidance of national planning policy. The Ultimate Plan deals with these aspects and, because it is important that the Statutory Scheme should blend gradually into the bolder conception[...]deals with the functional and statutory phases of County planning, but the Ultimate Plan, which depends larg[...] |
| [...]applied to the entire physical foundation of the County, the material that can be extracted from it and i[...]ing human activity. The extractive quality of the County's natural resources is not outstanding but what i[...]sical features. Principal Physical Features The County‘s physical structure and its foremost character[...]land widening out almost to the full width of the County in one section to break the continuity of the pla[...]ess and the way the principal watercourses of the County find their way through them to the sea, forming d[...]aries, often known as drowned river valleys. The Cumberland Plain on the other hand is comparatively fertile,[...]exposed only on the Illawarra Plain south of the County and otherwise lie at a great depth, in places as[...]The Narra- been Series is not exposed within the County except in deep ravines. The Hawkesbury Series com[...]g part of the Plateau and almost the whole of the Cumberland Plain, the Hiannamatta Series is composed, in thr[...]CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING DEVEIDPMENT In the County's uplands and lowlands is a variety of lim[...] |
| [...]NUARY ANn REEENT] -VDLEANIC lNTRUSIUNS-[PUOCENE] COUNTY 0F :3 WIANAMATTA 5m ES—[TRIASSIE] CUMBERLAND iiHAWHESBURY SERIES—URIASSIC] E‘ Y _.[...] |
| [...]vel highland. Actually this characteristic of the County's plateaux was lost in the erosion of the soft Wi[...]han mere mention. Port Jackson is undoubtedly the County's most precious natural asset. It is, in fact, Sy[...]nt and its present importance - the axis on which planning of the County must hinge. The other similar formations in the P[...]f the Hornsby Plateau as it flattens out into the Cumberland Plain, is suffi- ciently level to permit t[...] |
| [...]s a building stone. The coal deposits within the County lie at too great a depth for economic |
| 9. The south coast of the County. Stanwcll Park and the Woronora Plateau fr[...] |
| [...]fringe of the Blue Mountains Plateau, enters the Cumberland Plain near Penrith. |
| [...]pt in the broken plateaux. 20. The undulating Cumberland Plain near lngleburn. Natural forest has g[...] |
| [...]Relating the above described characteristics to planning, it can be said that the Plateaux do not offer scope for unlimited development. They possess some of the County's most vital assets — assets which would confer[...]only where they merge into lowlands either in the Cumberland Plain or the numerous small coastal flats. Perhaps their most significant characteristic, from a planning point of view, apart from their natural resources[...]e coastal lowlands, while it includes much of the County's best natural scenery. However, the North Shore[...]ver and Port Hacking give it a large share of the County's scenic beauty. The Cumberland Plain The Cumberland Plain, its even profile and gentle slopes contras[...]s River) gives the central coastal portion of the County a variety in physical structure unrivalled as the[...]poses, of having level land along its banks. The Cumberland Plain presents no outstanding obstacles to[...] |
| [...]ndustrial purposes. But while large areas of the Cumberland Plain are suitable for industrial development, th[...]land is available, as is the case throughout the Cumberland Plain, residential development on the watercours[...]The somewhat peculiar physical formation of the County, with lowlands separated from the coast by higher[...]artificial drainage of the low-lying parts of the Cumberland Plain. The principal mains of the ocean outfall s[...]enerally unproductive soil. In other parts of the Cumberland Plain the soil is much more suitable for afforest[...]ties. In its suitability for rural pursuits, the Cumberland Plain provides a striking contrast with th[...] |
| [...]D [:1 o m 2w. [:1 é'mu 57. x 5 m m, -nven 107.. COUNTY OF CU MBER LAND LAN D SLOPES |
| [...]pbellhwn e LEGEND _ UNDER mom. [:I ma — 5mm. COUNTY OF I: 500— BUUFT. CUMBERLAND |:| sun—gum: nmw . RELIEF :1 QOD-IZUDFT[...] |
| [...]rovide the richest Primary producing areas in the CountyCounty render them unsuitable as major sources of water[...]primary production. However, several parts of the Cumberland Plain have subterranean water suitable for farmin[...]the generous manner in which the lowlands of the Cumberland Plain lend themselves to economic and diverse dev[...]t barrier to excessive utilisation; on the Plain, planning requires sound judg— ment and careful analysis[...]e Plain As regards scope for development, the Cumberland Plain is more generally suit- able than the Plateaux, but from the point of View of planning, it has a dis- advantage in that evenness replace[...]her do not vary greatly in different parts of the County. The general nature and occurrence of winds are the same over the whole County although, in many parts of the Plateaux, high rid[...]inds blowing from the sea. 0n the other hand, the Cumberland Plain is generally exposed to the full blast of t[...]nd to 28 inches along the western boundary of the County. Infonnation concerning temperature and humidity variation throughout the County cannot be obtained since no recordings are[...] |
| [...]atellite settlements in the inland section of the Cumberland Plain as it is obvious that atmospheric condition[...]herefore desirable for residential purposes. THE COUNTY AS A NATURAL REGION Outside the County, to the west, the Blue Mountains, a higher platea[...]he Plateau widens out towards the south. Thus the County is a pocket of relatively low upland and undulat[...]ren, inhospitable country. The land-forms of the County - the dissected sandstone Plateaux with Wiana—[...]al region. As already mentioned in Chapter I, the County is almost co-extensive with a geological unit and[...]proportion of its length does the boundary of the County depart materially from this natural regional boun[...]cally to the Wollongong Region is included in the County; where the alluvial flats of Camden, west of the Nepean, and the southward extremity of the Cumberland Plain towards Picton extend beyond the County boundary; and where the Richmond and Windsor allu[...]nctional needs. The self-contained nature of the County is further enhanced by the economic value of its[...]omprehensive farming pattern. The region and the County, then, are virtually one area, distinguish[...] |
| [...]tion of shame." John Ruskin Town and country planning, however deeply it is rooted in the lives of the[...]he wisest use of all land. The land—use of the County of Cumberland is almost entirely governed by the functions and[...]tification would be needed for the existence of a County Plan. PAST DEVELOPMENT Settlement Land—use in the County is primarily the result of events of the later ye[...]e colonists have left an indelible pattern on the County's development. The early settlers soon pu[...] |
| [...]bably the most attractive residential area in the County, was the preserve of the wealthy. Communi[...] |
| [...]vel has also brought about a new interest in town planning. The County cannot be transformed overnight, nor will the rem[...]poverty of ’1m soil in the eastern half of tlm County were responsible for rapid evclorment of the Cumberland Plain. The alluvial ’la‘s around Rich[...] |
| [...]Beach flffAlN E'umd‘ p4 (WP/6 IOTANY BAY COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND GENERAL DEVELOPMENT ”all“! h; I 1 SC[...] |
| [...]e road to Bathurst in 1815, the population of the County‘s rural areas began to drain away. Though the[...]merce was not shared by the outlying towns of the County, there were still reasons for their continued exi[...]e South Coast Railway. Although the soils of the Cumberland Plain were poor, the surrounding sandstone platea[...]stances led to intensive farming practices in the County, particularly in the rural-urban fringe, where pr[...]ons. The convergence of country railways made the County also suitable for Agricultural Colleges and other[...]y was virtually unknown in the rural areas of the County until the establishment of meatworks at Riverston[...]nt in Sydney. THE PRESENT The urban area of the County now extends over 200 square miles - strung along[...]er of the total urban area. Dominating the whole County, the City of Sydney, together with its immediatel[...]al, administrative and industrial activity of the County, and many of its institutions and educational and[...]ore the road and rail systems extend through the County to other parts of the State. The remainde[...] |
| [...]ply catchment area in the southern portion of the County. Settlement in the remainder is generally confine[...]LUENCE OF TRANSPORT Probably no influence on the County's development has been greater than that of tran[...]erry services, carrying that large section of the County's population which enters the City each day. The[...]own simultaneously with the centralisation of the County‘s industrial and commercial activities and each[...]the only point of attraction. In the whole of the County railway system the only circumferential link is t[...]ed on recognition of the varying functions of the County's transport. THE CITY The influence of the City extends far beyond the County. In many respects the small area of approximately[...]and Art Galleries serve the State as well as the County. The Port of Sydney is the "clearing house[...] |
| [...]ity, then, rather than the whole of Sydney or the County, is the capital of the State. The City has a second function, however, as the centre of the County. Many of the government departments are concerned primarily with County affairs. Public utility bodies such as the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board and the Sydney County Council, as well as the central hospitals and other institutions, confine their activities solely to the County. The retail section is probably the City's most important County activity. It is characterised by many large depar[...]ity are clear — it is the State Capital and the County Centre. It cannot accept more without prejudicing[...]clearing away of such intrusions as the result of planning will therefore not cause the City's importance to[...]tions of the City. INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATION The County's industrial development does not arise from loca[...]es of raw materials. A second great factor is the County population, nearly a quarter of the Austra[...] |
| [...]s; in 1945 only 20 of the 10,500 factories in the County employed more than 1,000 workers each. The Alexa[...]is the greatest concentration of industry in the County, employing over 70,000 workers. Here the heavy en[...]nds on skilled labour drawn from all parts of the County, has become a matter of habit, largely dictated b[...]of Waterloo-Alexandria, are located most of the County's industries associated with slaughtering - tanne[...]cours, fellmongering and gelatine. Nowhere in the County are the requirements of these industries better s[...]r small concentrations of industry throughout the County, it is evident from employment figures tha[...] |
| 29. Lack of planning means that many thousands of children daily cross[...]ht of ohsolcsccnce has allotted every area in the County. 30. A once proud home at Botany. 30A. E[...] |
| [...]tion is possible only by drastic clearance and re-planning. 32. The more comfortable homes of the[...] |
| [...]industry. THE LIVING AREAS In the centre of the County transport system the bulk of the working populati[...]e location for modern high-density housing in the County than at Paddington, but the task of redeve[...] |
| [...]of consolidation. Almost all of the areas of the County new subject to housing deVelopment have the basic[...]ies themselves. There has been a tendency in the County, especially in times of rapid urban growth, to re[...]aims of the City cannot be disputed. However, the County's 50 square miles of scattered urban fringe, one[...]widespread ignorance of the true functions of the County's rural land. It is not to be gradually eaten to satisfy urban greed but is an integral part of the County, as indispensable as its port and its industry. I[...]the City is the outcome of the development of the County and State rural lands and that it is not the rura[...]ch depend on the City but vice versa. Though the County is not rich in agricultural soil, proximity to a[...]is enhanced by the geographical isolation of the County. Nearly one—fifth of the County is held in large public reserves. Most of these a[...]form of aerodromes, camps and training areas. The County's native scenic beauty has been preserved[...] |
| [...]aceful informality of Nature. RECOGNITION OF THE COUNTY'S FUNCTIONS An outline of defects inevitably ten[...]what gloomy picture. Perhaps it is because of the County's many excellent features - its glorious setting,[...]ing conclusion that can be drawn from analysis of County development is that the present unsatisfactory co[...]y functions of develop- ment. The defects of the County can be remedied, but only when land is withheld f[...]City land to the needs of the whole State and the County, the development of true urban districts, each wi[...]orks and services of future authorities, detailed planning could begin with confidence and advantage. |
| [...]Census, there were 1,702,567 people living in the County of Cumber- land. At the same time, it was estimat[...]ed to the establishment of new settlements on the Cumberland Plain. Rose Hill (Parramatta) was founded in 1788[...]ngelly and Cooke 652 Aids and'lAppin 1,691 Total County of Cumberland 25,145 The most significant feature of this census was that the population of the County's rural areas exceeded that of Sydney Town. with[...]by 1846 the population of the rural areas of the County was little more than half that of Sydney. By 184[...]d from the middle of the century the story of the County's population growth became mainly one of suburban[...]ad the metropolitan area exceeded the rest of the County's population, but the suburban areas now h[...] |
| COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND may,” k . Ann! “m..- POPULATION GROW[...] |
| [...]. Iringsl-IY .mngmy 2mm“. COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND \ Aullmmu 1947 \‘ POPULATION GROWTH[...] |
| [...]building returns. of all dwellings erected in the County during the year ended June 1947, 40 per cent were[...]y varying building codes. From 1921 to 1947, the County population increased by 60 per cent from 1,061,00[...]pproximately 100 per cent in the remainder of the County. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION 0f the County‘s population of 1,702,000, according to the 194[...]sulted in the concentration of 75 per cent of the County's population between Port Jackson and George's Ri[...]late the population densities of all parts of the County. "Density", as used in this chapter, refer[...] |
| [...]ation of 100,000 is spread fairly evenly over the Cumberland Plain, except for the 10,000 along the Illawarra Railway (mainly in Austinmer and Thirroul). Even on the Cumberland Plain there are no great concentrations; populati[...]wth and present densities in various parts of the County - TABLE I POPULATION AT 1921-1933-1947 CE[...] |
| [...]SDNS FER ACRE u UNMRIPEESM BER ACRE MU CHANGE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND DEEREASE UNDER 5 PERSONS FEM ACRE 57H][...] |
| [...]eas such as are taken into account in determining planning densities (Chapter 9). 2 . PRESENT EMF LOYI‘I[...]BY OGGUPATIONS Almost half of the people in the County of Cumberland work for a living, including those who are self-e[...]ere were 630,000 people gainfully employed in the County at that time. Classification of their occupations[...]tructional works. Based on the above survey, the County population (1945) was found to be composed[...] |
| [...]‘ ‘ BROKE/V b ” BA y 0(EAIN PAW/FIE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BASED ON THE[...] |
| [...]45, the location of the employment sources in the County. The results of the various surveys are incorpora[...]nships between employee and employment within the County. The location and classification of factory empl[...]central area. No less than three-quarters of the County's factory employees (182,000 persons) were found[...]0 factory workers) is spread over the rest of the County, a vast area which houses 60 per cent, or 1,020,000 of the County's population. The main employment concentrations[...]factories 10,500 Employees 245,757 Percentage of County Total 100% |
| [...]32. The remaining 33 are scattered throughout the County. Thus, not only do the large factories employ over half the County's factory workers but three-quarters of these fac[...]000 workers, comprising almost 70 per cent of the County's factory employment, are in the central areas an[...](11-100 employees) are distributed throughout the County generally in much the same proportion as total fa[...]al areas and employ only 1% per cent of the total County factory employment. Small establishments are part[...]greatest numbers of employees; of the 412 in the County, 169 are Metals, 79 Cloth and 53 Food. The numbe[...]Classes . December 1945 Percentage - County Earthen Products Metals 96,953 39.4 Cloth 47,590[...]in conformity with the population pattern of the County, this being due largely to the widespread[...] |
| [...]per cent of total white-collar employment in the County. SEX COMPOSITION OF WIDMNT For the State as[...]higher. Similar figures are not available for the County of Cumberland, but it is probable that the increase in the County's female employment is even greater, because most[...]State's factory employment has taken place in the County. Female employment constitutes one-third of the total working force of the County. Of all female employees, almost half are[...] |
| [...]The degree of centralisation which obtains in the County has already been expressed in terms of land use a[...]and working in the various municipal areas of the County. It must also be remembered that this lack[...] |
| COUNTY TOTAL COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND POPULATION 8 EM PLOYM ENT DISTRIBUTION OF RESID[...]ARE IN WORTION 1|! “HAL RESIDENT POPULATION OF COUNTY. ANAD'SIS OF THE PMLITION. REPRESENTED BY[...] |
| [...]8 .4 1.2 .6 50 Wollondilly - .1 - .1 - - 4 TOTAL COUNTY TOTAL 630.0 630.0 100 From the above figur[...]rgest factory class, employing 40 per cent of the County factory workers, lack of balance occurs in all ar[...]the second largest, employing nearly one-fifth of County factory workers, shows concentration in the City, where over half the County‘s I: 15 |
| [...]pter 10. 4. POPULATION PROJECTIONS Since the County contains a large proportion of Australia's popula[...]ion's population is likely to be reflected in the County, projection of future population has been based on the ratio of the County‘s population to that of Australia at the latter's estimated peak. The County is expected to contain 25 per cent of Australia's[...]overseas migration will be 30,000 per annum, the County population in 1972 will be 2,227,000 and w[...] |
| UGEAN 04! my: mum COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION |972 BASED[...] |
| [...]YlfiNT Page 49 POPULATION PROJECTION FOR THE COUNTY OF CLWBERIAMD It has already been shown that the proportion of Australians living in the County rose from 9.8 per cent in 1871 to 22.5 per cent i[...]25 per cent, unless effective steps on a national planning level are taken to decentralise both population and employment locations. TABLE VII The County Projection — Summary Australia 1972 1980 19[...]990,000 Total Australia 8,910,000 9,190,000 County of Cumberland At 2579 of Australia 2,227,000 2,297,000 198[...]hed by natural increase both in Australia and the County according to present trends. Immigration will sus[...]regrowth of family life." Age Composition of the County In noting the estimated increase in population,[...]ent one. The average age of the population of the County at present is 32; in 1980 it will be 37. T[...] |
| [...]tated that the working population residing in the County in 1972 may total 950,000. This estimate h[...] |
| [...]:: g ‘ themselves. 0 401, g I szhe estimate for County (3 30-39 I of Cumberland assumes that 72:; 2 the steadily rising pr[...] |
| [...]nly been carried out as a summation for the whole County. By a subtraction of the projected range of futur[...]nd projected population and employment within the County, together with land use studies, established the[...]tion of centralised employment existed within the County. |
| [...]populations in the various mmicipal areas of the County provided a basis for an estimate of availa[...] |
| [...]," Abraham Lincoln The fact that some of the County's major problems are nationwide, and incapable of[...]national respon- sibilities within the sphere of County planning. The most serious of these problems are linked w[...]ll Australian economy, society and security. The County Plan in its present fonn is actually an acceptanc[...]stated. An estimate of optimum population for the County would, on the other hand, require consideration of certain other factors, affecting both the Nation and the County itself. The factors would be - (a) Natural resou[...]d consequent dispersal of population. Within the County itself, short of theoretical considerations which[...]bility of physical structure. Undesirable though planning for maximum population may be, it is beyond the scope of County planning to attempt redistribution of population wi[...] |
| [...]his period, the increase in population within the County absorbed 88 per cent of the increase in the whole[...]following graph traces the steady increase of the County's share of Australian population - POPULATION OF COUNTY RELATED TO AUSTRALIAN TOTAL YEAR I788 IBOO[...]here was little Australian settlement outside the County. The decentralisation, which continued till 1871[...]e subsequent development of the contin- ent, th; County's share of Australia's population is now approxim[...]these, no less than 375,500 were absorbed by the County of Cumberland and by the areas now known as Greater Newc[...] |
| [...]47 Sydney Metropolitan 263.4 249.1 20% Balance of County 43.9 83.7 63% COUNTY TOTAL 307.3 332.8 24% Greater Newcastle 22[...] |
| [...]dividual maximum profits, but, with the growth of planning consciousness, it is now commonly realised[...] |
| [...]S The projection for future employment in the County for purposes of planning has been based on present ratios of employ[...] |
| [...]f population cannot be overlooked by an authority planning for posterity. They are equally inescapabl[...] |
| [...]alities has been based on the contention that the County cannot continue to develop satisfactorily in its[...]e present centralised form. The urban area of the County has outgrown itself to such an extent that effic[...]ography and existing developmental pattern of the County - (a) Centralisation - a perpetuation of the gen[...]To be practicable, a plan of an area such as the County of Cumberland must pay due regard to things as they are[...] |
| [...]on has to be adapted. The natural features of the County such as the ocean coastline, Port Jackson and Bot[...]ctors relating to the existing development of the County, including essential service facilities and commu[...]s to absorb much of the future development of the County, since their total extent is very great and the o[...]istricts. (1) That the geographic outline of the County and its physical features tends to assist divisio[...]wing to the special conditions which apply in the County, such as port facilities and substantial c[...] |
| [...]he chance of obliteration by bombing. For general planning requirements, it provides a means for the reducti[...]an envisaged many changes in the structure of the County's development. The estimated expansion of development in the County in the next 25-30 years amounts, in terms of popu[...]to a sound social and economic structure. In the County this means dispersal of employment from the centr[...]lian produc- tion (which will be reflected in the County), accompanied by a serious labour 5 -tage[...] |
| [...]L flREIlS OPEN SPHCE GREEN BELT I C OUN TV 0]? CUMBERLAND *' FUNCTIONAL PLAN THE 895”] EUNCEPTID[...] |
| [...]nts a large proportion of total employment in the County. Generally the factors governing its location are[...]ides. The present radial transport pattern of the County, therefore, is inadequate for dispersal of employ[...]e depends on highly skilled labour drawn from the County as a whole. In recognition of the fact that all c[...]tional and cultural) serving the interests of the County as a whole. Development not associated with these[...]r development in the City. 7. Units for Detailed Planning A region of the size and character of the County of Cumberland should be divided into urban and rural units comp[...]hese units should serve as the basis for detailed planning and provision of public amenities, utiliti[...] |
| [...]Identity Certain physical characteristics of the County — the pronounced physical barriers provided by[...]ricts or neighbourhoods. 9. Provision for Flats Planning for the housing needs of the County's population must recognise the preference of a c[...]ossible standards in the residential areas of the County, including adequate provision for public amenitie[...]the provision of public amenities. Therefore, in planning for new residential development or for increased[...]population. Most of the outer urian areas of the County are only partly developed and the population dens[...]n is provided for by the subdivision of the land. Planning must aim at the achievement of sufficient populat[...]of Rural Background The rural background of the County must be preserved and strengthened to the utmost[...]13. Natural Scenery The natural scenery of the County must be regarded as a national asset and be trea[...]satisfying some of the recreational needs of the County population. 14. Transport The primary function of the County transport system is to provide connection[...] |
| [...]through-traffic routes, not local traffic roads. County roads should be planned to avoid co-incidence wit[...]overseas can be expected to be established in the County in addition to normal expansion. Any national pol[...]over normal requirements of the population in the planning for development or redevelopment of the County. Nevertheless, the principle of dispersal of seco[...]sal of factories on the scale possible within the County would be sufficient protection against new forms of aerial attack. These aspects of the County Plan are therefore contingent upon a definition o[...]ing central areas, preserved as the centre of the County and Capital of the State, for the efficient functioning of undertakings on which the communities of the County and the State as a whole depend - government and[...]e green web and the outlet for major roads of the County transport system, preserving the identity of the[...]f district populations and preserving much of the County's best natural scenery. A Green Belt. A girdle o[...]Background. A provision just as essential to the County as its industry and its port; containing rural communities primarily devoted to the production of the County's fresh food but strengthened by the presence |
| [...]areas already set aside as the result of interim planning. Large suburban centres are exhibiting man[...] |
| PART III PLANNING PROPOSALS |
| [...]is surprising how many thousands of homes in the County do not possess these features or even half of the[...]th the other elements of the Plan, and with local planning, to provide for these things in full measure. Th[...]venience and well-being of the residents. In the County Plan, the living areas are compact units o[...] |
| [...]e case, go without these facilities. Most of the County‘s extensive areas of substandard housing were d[...]d houses. The extent of substandard areas in the County is shown on the accompanying Age and Cond[...] |
| [...]ed to the manner in which the living areas of the County have developed. The defect is referred to in almo[...]outline of the Plan: it has greatly hindered the planning of industrial areas, centres, open space and soci[...]ions, and it will be a further hindrance to local planning. Sprawl is a condition which arises from the pra[...]at the menace of sprawl was foreseen early in the County's history and that the first steps necessa[...] |
| [...]BOTANY I BAY ‘ é“! Sutherland Cronulla COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND HOUSING AGE AN D CONDITION SCALE Inulg[...] |
| [...]f Mitchell's work is now difficult to find in the County, for however well conceived his recommendations m[...]were met. If ever there were the need to justify planning it would be provided by the spectacle of responsi[...]condition of sprawl is in general evidence in the County wherever housing development has taken place. Its[...]can be largely attributed most of the defects in County development, especially the lack of unity and soc[...]tizen. That such a condition has developed in the County is due largely to the process of sprawl, |
| [...]d booms" in the history of develop— ment in the County. Generally the land subdivided has been as close[...]subdivided and dispoaed of in remote parts of the County, obviously on very slender pretexts. Under these[...]arter of a million vacant residential lots in the County. More than half of these lots are in gener[...] |
| [...]. The standard densities with which those of the County have been compared are termed neighbourhoo[...] |
| Page 74 IJVING AREAS In the County, high density is justified by the fact that the l[...]omposition. Modern standards for lot size in the County also are not necessarily set at the minimum of 5[...]eet. Throughout the history of development in the County there has been a steady trend towards the lowerin[...]using densities in the present urban areas of the County therefore vary according to the period in which t[...]ner areas, densities are among the highest in the County, yet the housing is generally of the single famil[...]ulations governing development in the rest of the County and densities are generally very high. |
| [...]adings. Before applying the broad findings of the planning solution to the design of living areas, it became[...]Taking into account the present densities in the County, it was apparent that the space—time factors in[...]nying map of Living Areas and were applied in the planning of the future district pattern and the establishment of the broad framework for subsequent local planning of living areas. |
| Page 76 LIVING AREAS PROPOSALS OF THE COUNTY PLAN It has already been stated that the County Plan does not involve any major change in the dis[...]unction with a reasonable degree of independence. Planning of living areas, since it is the most important phase of planning, is affected by all of the principles outlined in[...]ctly based on - Principle 7 - Units for Detailed Planning. " 8 - Open Space and District Identity. " 9 - Pr[...]ulation Capacity he proposed living areas of the County Plan provide for an increase of more than 6 0,000 in the County's population, This, however, does not represent the total additional population capacity of the County. Besides the proposed living areas, greater capac[...]These have not been snown as living areas on the County Plan but their existence is, of course, recognis[...]explained in Chapter 6, is actually based on the County having a greater percentage of total Australian p[...]ving areas is provided or in only one part of the County - the present substandard inner areas Here[...] |
| [...]YSTEM Perhaps the most important proposal in the County Plan is the system of urban and rural districts.[...]res of living area. In the implementation of the County Plan these social and economic groups can be rega[...]d network, provide the functional outline for the planning of each district. The more finite physical bound[...]nt on the major road pattern of the Plan. From a planning point of view - and that is all that this Report[...]o populations of cities. Wherever possible in the County Plan, there— fore, each district has not only i[...]e regarded as the basic unit of the Plan for the County. As such it must influence the planning not only of living areas, but also of - ([...] |
| [...]of perfection in the existing development of the County, particu- lar co the pattern of past development[...]almost all of the difficulties of replanning the County. It has not been possible for all living a[...] |
| [...]es of the urban districts to the perimeter of the County. This proposal is described in Chapters 12 and 13[...]be developed into "satellites". Recent overseas planning has created many new towns as satellites, and this question was carefully considered in preparing the County Plan. However, it would be difficult to Justify t[...]when, as the result of present conditions in the County, more suitable conditions exist in the main urban[...]appy lack of balance which already exists between County population and that of the rest of the State. Fro[...]hoods are primarily regarded as the basis for the planning and provision of local facilities, the neighbourhood system can and should be applied in the detailed planning of existing living areas. In the rural dis[...] |
| [...]this system will be greatly increased by detailed planning, which should eliminate through traffic and provi[...]AND HOUSING DENSITY Densities adopted for the County Plan are on a neighbourhood unit basis. They incl[...]portant factor to be allowed for in the detailed planning of neighbourhoods and the control of flats[...] |
| [...]proposals to be submitted in conjunction with the County Plan. The delineation of density standards on the County Plan is on a broad basis, being intended essentially as a guide to local planning and to authorities concerned with provision of pu[...]ill be required to comply with the figures on the County Plan. The density pattern in the Plan has the fo[...]of such development is largely a matter for local planning, within the overall limits set by the County Plan. (f) The balance of the living area is of t[...]hat may be carried out in the early stages of the planning period is limited by high building costs,[...] |
| [...]eas, fall within the higher density limits of the County Plan; in addition to their central location, Padd[...]he most desirable land for residential use in the County. High—density development will ensure the maxim[...]satisfactory plan, or a subsequent reconstruction scheme. Unrelated schemes may also destroy the opportuni[...]ING AREAS Certain areas have been defined in the County Plan as "Holiday Living Areas". The purpos[...] |
| [...]sion of hostels and automobile camps in the local planning scheme. No County industry is associated with the Holiday Areas, as[...]ut of the standards which governed the design and planning of these structures becoming outmoded. This proce[...]itions. Properties must age, as new principles of planning and mechanical conveniences evolve, but these pro[...]ly unacceptable when judged by modern standards. Planning aims at the prevention of obsolescence and many of the proposals of the County Plan are designed to have this effect. No[...] |
| [...]ldings. Many of the best residential areas in the County are decaying in this manner, Just as others close[...]inimization of the causes - has been dealt with. Planning, at both County and local level, provides the means for rehabilit[...]d other non- conforming development, and over the planning period the damaging effects of the existing intru[...]ttention, as the condition is not peculiar to the County. Some form of insurance to which property owners[...]olution warranting attention as an outcome of the County Plan. IDCAL PLANNING Planning of the living areas (as in other areas) must be followed without delay by local planning. The local responsibility in the re-organisation[...]affic from the neighbourhoods. The whole of this planning must conform to the general standards, the system[...]hods of implementation which are provided by the County Plan. Accordingly, close liaison will be needed b[...]ensity, and to the overall densities shown on the County Plan. Finally, in addition to applying the princ[...]traffic, density and land suitability, the local planning responsibility includes civic design — an essential feature of town planning (though not, as was once generally thought[...] |
| [...]ng and landscaping - in short, the translation of planning, which exists largely on a two-dimensional plane in the County Scheme, to three—dimensional reality. DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING LEGEND PRINCIPLES OF LIVING AREAS . um 5m: DISTRICT PLANNING m INDUSTRIAL AREAS = LIMITED ACDESS ROADS[...] |
| [...]y dependent on the industry carried on within the County boundaries. Yet in spite of this indebtedness it[...]t employs more than a quarter of a million of the County's workers. Being uncouth and untidy may be attri-[...]ri— bution and extent. - Industry began in the County when a small brick pit was opened at Brickfield H[...]the 19th century. By 1890, 1,448 factories in the County employed 27,982 persons and in the next 20 years[...]estimated that there were 9,300 factories in the County employing some 275,000 persons. The remarkable ri[...]of production from secondary industry within the County is now about $125,000,000 and represents about on[...]uture. One factor, though it is little beyond the planning stage, is the current British trend toward[...] |
| [...]on of the new industry will be established in the County of Cumberland — at least unless some policy of unprecedented[...]MPLOYMENT 194 3 -1944 SHOWING COMPARISON BETWEEN COUNTY OF CUMBERLANDCOUNTY OF CUMBERLAND 55-22 OF LEATHER,LEATHERCOODS. ‘67-. ‘ AUSTRA[...]427.- AUSTRALIA —: ‘ *2 PUBLIC UTILITIES. 24D COUNTY ‘ O 20 40 60 80 too IZO 140 300 320 MO 3[...] |
| [...]ment of the area. There are many instances in the County of a factory being established initially in an op[...]mendment of the Local Government Act provided for planning and the zoning of industry. It is necessary to e[...]art of many concerned with local government. The County Plan deals with industry in two respects.[...] |
| [...]rlier chapter, the development of industry in the County is dependent on an extensive supply of labour, a local market provided by the County's large population and the facilities offered for[...]y the range of manufacture carried out within the County is extremely wide. The only detailed data availa[...]ions. » The dominant classes of industry in the County are Metal Working and Engineering (representing 2[...]s generally concentrated in three sections of the County — the City Centre, the Inner Suburbs and[...] |
| [...]are 142,000 factory workers or 58 per cent of the County total. Every class of industry is represented. T[...]t.Peters. Food factories, which include all of th County's breweries, are dispersed over the whole[...] |
| [...]Suburbs represent 84 per cent of industry in the County. The remainder, where not in the form of s[...] |
| [...]he problem of organisation of industry within the County, it has‘ been necessary to examine also those f[...]ive location. Although industrial pursuits in the County are widely diverse and large-scale competition fo[...]ell distributed throughout the urban areas of the County (and in any case is already extensively de[...] |
| [...]ted Labour Shortage The future of industry in the County is undoubtedly linked with the future of |
| [...]and 37 per cent. The present labour force in the County is approximately 750,000 of when about 275,000 ar[...]Wales, and it is reasonable to assume that in the County the proportion would not be less than that of the[...]Relationships The projected distribution of the County population described in the preceding Chapter ind[...]actory workers at present form 16 per cent of the County population, but this proportion varies con[...] |
| [...]f the population, practically coincident with the County average. These general relationships are not alwa[...]population will be approximately the same as the County average. However, the arithmetical application o[...]loyment in individual areas exceeds the estimated County figure. A further consideration has been[...] |
| [...]figure is accepted as the basis of design in the County of Cumberland, the area required would be to the order of 12,0[...]are the highest that can reasonably be accepted. Planning merely to the snot estimated space require[...] |
| [...]at the areas reserved for industry should be on a County scale, of sufficient size to make an effective contribution to the solution of the County planning problem. Many otherwise suitable but smaller area[...]industry is more appropriately a matter of local planning. Allowing for all these contingencies, the actua[...]inite to serve the purpose of classifica- tion of planning for industry. In the County Plan the industrial areas, and not the types of i[...]described earlier in this chapter. The following planning classifications have been adopted - 1. Sp[...] |
| [...]upants. No specific provision needs to be made in planning but an appropriate measure of control is needed. Of the above classes, the first three are matters of County planning. Classi- fications A, 5 and 6 are recognised as i[...]lan. They are of little overall significance on a County scale, and provide less than 10 per cent of the present factory employ- ment in the County. Provision of individual areas,howeven is considered a matter for local planning. Apart from the Special Industrial Areas, the zo[...]ld not exceed 20 per cent of the whole area. THE PLANNING PROPOSALS In the process of planning, the principles of distribution have been[...] |
| [...]s is necessary for complete implementation of the scheme and the rehabilitation of the areas. Simi[...] |
| [...]ulation) which cannot be decentralised beyond the County. The only satellite proposal at present being de[...]t disturbing the basic disposition of the initial planning pattern. The success of the proposals, however, d[...]our requirements are highly specialised. Detailed planning of the City Centre (in which many industries of t[...]on which these are operated is not significant in County planning, and no particular provision has been made for th[...]he brick, tile and pottery works, manufacture all County requirements. They have extensive workings[...] |
| [...]of new pits will be subject to the control of the planning authority which will also control the manner of t[...]strial development will shortly take place in the County: even now, it is retarded only by shortages of ma[...]ormal expansion. Under present conditions in the County where residential development predominates in all[...]rial areas are probably the most important in the County Plan - at least as far as the urgent need[...] |
| [...]one local authority shows the necessity for local planning to correct these conditions. The Kingsgrove indus[...]the area is now being resumed to imple- ment the scheme. Over 100 applications for the replanned sites ha[...]ts - clear evidence of the effectiveness of local planning, and of its possibilities in other areas. Anothe[...]o the problems of both the new enterprise and the planning authority, and could prove an effective contribution to imple- mentation of both local and County planning. The developnent of areas which include h[...] |
| [...]ur most serious national problems, so, within the County, exists yet another great magnet - the city itsel[...]ivity overwhelms that of all other centres in the County. The like of its emporiums, shops, theatres, hote[...]ize and importance of the centres proposed in the County Plan are deter- mined by the extent and character[...]can be supported by district populations. 3. The County Centre - the City of Sydney - improved in dignity[...]tion's first port and the principal centre of the County. Only the limits of the County Centre have been shown on the County Plan. For reasons stated later in this chapter, d[...]urhood centres are, of course, a feature of local planning. PAST DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRES The early development of individual towns in the County was still in evidence after the first hund[...] |
| [...]ce on the city that even the outer centres of the County were threatened with loss of identity. By this se[...]fulfilment. This evidence of the lack of forward planning was accentuated when the only guidance in site se[...]recent changes in the commercial structure of the County became evident. There are now signs that t[...] |
| [...]during the past 10 years. lealisat’on of the County Plan depends on these combined trends_ commercial[...]ions of the city as the princi- pal centre of the County, the State capital and the largest distrib[...] |
| [...]riously impaired by congestion. The growth of the County's population demands an increasing volume of whol[...]stor- age . Of all heavy carriers' stores in the County, 22 per cent are located in the city, half of the[...]d by further studies of functional aspects of the County Centre and included in the Advisory Propos[...] |
| [...]t Kings Cross, and even this is marred by lack of planning. Hotels, Theatres and Cinemas Althoug[...] |
| [...]ons in the city, including terminals for both the County and the State transport systems, suffer from a la[...]The weakness lies generally in a lack of overall planning. The only carefully planned approaches are[...] |
| [...]CENTRES Land use in the existing centres of the County demonstrates lack of organisation and of overall planning. Within most large centres, both urban and[...] |
| [...]and the new forms of development now appearing in County centres. The district which supports it is widesp[...]nal influence, occupies an important place in the County. It is a counter-integration to Sydney, and, with[...]ding population. In the living areas shown on the County Plan, there is extensive capacity for expa[...] |
| [...]y Princes Highway. Other important centres in the County are found in the rural towns and include Campbell[...]ions. PRINCIPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF CENTRES IN THE COUNTY PLAN The provision of centres within the County is an integral feature in the general pattern of[...]reas to which they are related. The range of the County Plan has been restricted to district centres and the city, which, in its dual functions as County Centre and State Capital, is intended to fonn the[...]e capital. Location of the City of Sydney as the County Centre is so clearly established |
| [...]d it will be separately described in this way. In planning for district centre locations, however, certain g[...]alternative locations for district centres. The County Plan, therefore, does not seek to make arbitrary[...]to the existing system, in harmony with the whole County Planning Scheme. However, the true social and planning focus of the district must be selected, even thou[...], almost invariably by feeder bus routes. For the County planning, however, accessibility to the whole of the distr[...]es had obvious advantages. Relation to the future County road network, which serves all districts, was als[...]ve pattern of the 68 local governing areas of the County would have some effect on selection of centres, but in general the conclusions and recommendations of the County Planning Scheme can be regarded as indicating an efficient framework for the definition of planning units. Centres for these units represent[...] |
| [...]l; wmmwpbo‘w 333233: acres PROPOSALS FOR THE COUNTY CENTRE The replanning of the central city are[...]idely influenced by its ties with the rest of the County and with the State and the Commonwealth. Its planning therefore must follow that of the County as a whole, of which, in a structural sense, it[...]mme extending beyond the period available for the County Planning Scheme. The urgent need for action is fully realised - a[...]remedial action. The final solution and the city planning scheme, however, with cape.- city for flexible adjustmen[...]ds and conditions, must be accepted as a. lengthy planning task. Therefore, this chapter merely sets out ten[...]e to be suhnitted. The greater burden of detailed planning rests with the City Council. For a considerable[...]y Council has also resolved to prepare a complete planning scheme, and has completed its first plan for interim dev[...]particular, corresponding to the findings of the County analysis set out in Chapter 8, it is poss[...] |
| [...]of the area to be planned and to function as the County Centre. This area. is bounded by Port Jackson, D[...]essential functions of the State Capital and the County Centre. Transport The need for development of t[...]the port roadway and the main road system of the County was accepted by the Department of Main Roads, the[...]stributor road system surrounding the core of the County centre, designed to comply with the findings of t[...]provision for them must be the result of careful planning. Any premature proposals, even if immediately pop[...]community, may be no better contribution to city planning than the costly mistakes of the past. Com[...] |
| [...]of commodities stored and distributed within the County Centre. Relation to bond and free stores, to the[...]ail expansion which should be provided for in the County Centre is one of the most complex of planning problems. Upon the establishment of the urban dis[...]y streets has already been des- cribed. Detailed planning of the city, therefore, should attempt an early d[...]rie Street has been recommended by a governmental planning committee, and will merit consideration with alte[...]istrative buildings of this status suggest future planning for an open square or Mall , of which they would[...]be decided. While there are many solutions to the planning problems of this |
| [...]tain heavy traffic routes on the periphery of the County Centre, also connecting through the University l[...]ost pressing - of the essential objectives of any planning scheme for the city is the rehabilitation of high[...] |
| [...]ed commerce. PROPOSALS FOR DISTRICT CENTRES The planning principles relating to the district centres of the County demon- strate the extent to which the form of the[...]commercial centres must affect the extent of the planning proposals and the future composi- tion of the cen[...]implementation of a most important element of the County Plan. This will not restrict the development of t[...]t. The chief characteristic of the proposals for County centres is that in all of them replanning is invo[...]oblems in replanning: the problem involved in the County Plan was to determine an area within which[...] |
| [...]ve made this area one of the most valuable in the County. |
| [...]At the Oxford Conference of the Town and Country Planning Asso- ciation in 1941, F.J. Osborn, the no[...] |
| [...]for a day in some refreshing environment. In the County of Cumberland, the major City outlets are crowded t week-ends a[...]vertook China, North Africa and Mesopotamia. The County of Cumberland is largely free from the extreme conditions which[...]t on of forest land are widespread throughout the County. When it is realised that in the vicinity of Sydn[...]arable tracts, the para- moxnt importance of the County's,rural areas becomes obvious. EXTENT AND PRODUCTION OF THE RURAL AREAS The history of the County‘s rural areas is almost as old as Austra[...] |
| [...]TIES ESHIREE UJITH 5! Nu PRIMHRV PRUDUEYIDN____ r CUMBERLAND MLINlEIPHLllIES ESHIREE UJlTH LESS “WM 2[...] |
| [...]ey from Parramatta. The earliest farmers in the County faced severe obstacles. Selection was limited by[...]production to increase with the expansion of the County market, although not at the same rate. The unique[...]ke direct retailer—sales - are increased in the County because of the physical nature of the region. The barriers to the County are formidable and wide and so transport and mark[...]harge on outside supplies. The population of the County is more than half that of New South Wales, so tha[...]consumed in the State must find its way ,into the County. This, together with the fact that almost all exp[...]ugh Sydney, enormously increases the value of the County's rural lends. Although the County is not self-supporting, the following instances f[...]bles 36,800 tons 16.8 Grapes 1,129 tons 14.5 The County is more or less self-supporting in many commoditi[...]er cent of the poultry farms in N.S.W. are in the County, and about 18 per cent of the milk used in the County is produced within its own boundaries. The accomp[...]Rockdale. Little wheat is now produced within the County. In 1945/6 there were 6,235 rural holdings of one acre or more in the County. They aggregated 280,000 acres, or 29 per cent of the County. This figure was lower than in the two or three p[...],500 acres or 4 per cent of the total area of the County and represents 36 per cent of the total number of rural holdings. Primary production in the County engages over 9,000 persons in permanent employ- m[...]very small percentage of total employment in the County, but, as has been indicated in the product[...] |
| [...]of electricity supply has been established in the County, and it is the only service which has been gener[...]of development for irrigation, while much of the County's fertile soil is within a short distance of the[...]t of primary production in the outer areas of the County, a number of townS‘and villages have developed.[...]f fast transport and the lack of deliberate local planning. The spread of Sydney has submerged some of thes[...]eace-time production. Considerable tracts of the County Rural Areas are used for government purpos[...] |
| [...]lishments. Many of the large institutions in the County are closely associated with a rural environment.[...]or isolation from the main population mass in the County. Their activities are largely self-contained and[...]areas need large— scale rehabilitation. In the County'of Cumberland, not only is the rural land vital for the service[...]nd social services, at least to the limits of the County. It is the right of rural communities, long denie[...]nomy can provide. The most serious threat to the County‘s rural areas is the insecurity of tenur[...] |
| [...]blame on any one class is impossible, and from a planning viewpoint, the attack must be made on the circums[...]pulation. While this has not been the case in the County, where there has been a sub- stantial increase in[...]as a warning of possible future movements in the County. Probably the most important causes of the drift[...]s. The lack of balanced employment facilities in County rural areas is evident from a few random examples[...]ces is possible. The location of the towns of the County is such that social facilities could be wi[...] |
| [...]any other conservation methods. PROPOSALS OF THE COUNTY PLAN The proposals of the Plan are designed t[...]olis and extending to the inland perimeter of the County. A large part of this corresponds with the Green[...]or bush- land reserves in the western half of the County is greatly relieved. It is neither possibl[...] |
| [...]lt-up development would occur automatically. The planning task is to ensure that this transfer only takes place where the result will be of advantage to the County as a whole - where the loss of rural, and more pa[...]vely culti- vated, are ideal for the expansion of County industry and suitable areas for this expansion ar[...]imilarly, a number of open space proposals in the County Plan includes sections of rural lands. The transi[...]s proposed that the whole rural background of the County should be made up of a number of rural districts,[...]n, a number of village sites are indicated in the County Plan; these are very small rural centres, some o[...]land and Bankstown, have been grouped in the same planning units as considerably urbanised areas, and[...] |
| [...]131 to continue) to the rural centres of the County, thus fulfilling the function of these towns as s[...]d, roughly parallel to the inland boundary of the County, which can be developed generally by the adoption[...]severance of these towns. 3. The Effect of Urban Planning Upon Rural Areas Many of the greatest benefits which the County Plan proposes for rural areas are the indirect results of urban planning. These are achieved in the following way - (a)[...]equent saving ’ of money, time and speculative planning, more new services can be diverted to the rural a[...]UTURE OF THE COUNTRYSIDE The proposals of the County Plan are a broad outline for a future belt of pur[...]sting the enthusiastic support of everyone in the County - for everyone will benefit in many ways. The visible evidence of these benefits will not generally follow planning on a regional scale, but will spring from the detailed planning of districts, towns and villages. This will be the first stage in implementing the County Plan. |
| Page 132 RURAL AREAS TABLE 1 RURAL mm IN THE COUNT! OF CUMBERLAND 3131: MARCH 1947 Permanent]: Employed Tem[...] |
| [...]civilized man." Lord Sempill A plan for the County's open space must aim-to satisfy all active recre[...]respect, the numbers to be served far exceed the County's population, for the natural beauty of the regio[...]outstanding defects of present developnent in the County, is due largely to the changing conception of out[...]o-day was probably considered adequate during the County's early developnent. Then, the people enjo[...] |
| [...]ed by the shorter working week. OPEN SPACE IN THE COUNTY According to Ordinance 104 of the Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act, 1945, the responsibility of the County Scheme for the provision of open space is confined to ar[...]ed broadly to mean areas meeting the needs of the County as a whole and not of particular Municipalities or Shires. A number of reservations proposed in the County Plan do not exceed 15 acres - in fact some reser[...]ir reservation is in the inter- ests of the whole County. Generally, however, the individual areas propose[...]said that the period of greatest expansion in the County was the period of worst taste. It was also the le[...]reat cities. Only 160 years ago, all land in the County was Crown land, but wide alienations have been pe[...]s, they suffered, as has most development in the County, from a system of land development which placed l[...]creational use is extremely limited. Most of the County's major parks, particularly the older ones, have[...]me from the indifference of the past. Some of the County's open space was established when the demands of[...]Had this principle been adopted in the past, the County would be not only better served by park space, bu[...]than if the encroachment had not taken place. The County can 111 afford to lose any of its open spa[...] |
| [...]sirable standard adopted as a basis of open space planning in the County is 6 acres per 1,000 population for district need[...]am is, the standards adopted in the post-war city planning vary from 6 acres to acres per 1,000 of population. However, the standard adopted for the County Plan is based on district require- ments and does[...]d reserves nor make allowances for the use of the County's waterways and beaches. Since these areas are am[...]ate requirements of adjoining neighbourhoods. In planning the County, the general standard has been applied only in ov[...]and lot sizes, all of which are common in present County development - (a) Detached houses (1) Lot size 1[...]akes use of the valuable natural resources of the County, but also serves a definite recreational need. Fo[...], at least on a small scale. Not all parts of the County are as well endowed as, say, Ku—ring-gai[...] |
| [...]3 lh-leuc . REST PARKSeBHILURENS DLAYERDUNDS I COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND (AUEIJUATE STANDARD Human lmflm[...] |
| [...]e 137 space and the recognised quality of the County's natural scenery, existing open space is seriously inadequate in almost every part of the County. The deficiency in active recreation space and r[...]areas scattered throughout the urban areas of the County, there is only one instance of a large-scale park[...]ore Park and Centennial Park — and most of the County's racecourses and major sports arenas. In the no[...]e City. A mile to the south-east, Moore Park, the County‘s major sports area, has extensive facilities f[...]east, has variety and beauty and is probably the County‘s most outstanding park. There are drives for m[...]of open space is the only connected series in the County. ‘ Though the remainder of the parks and recre[...]ds out as one of the most beautiful parks in the County; skilful treatment of a gully in otherwise[...] |
| [...]nificant. Botany is the only Municipality in the County which has reached the standard requirement of 2*[...]24. There is, actually, no large area within the County which has its full qu ta of sports grounds; in th[...]s is equally lacking over the greater part of the County. The inner areas, excluding the City, are deficie[...]of t 6 limited existing recrea'ional space of the County and the general deficiency in quantity emp[...] |
| [...]ESERVATION OF NATURAL BEAUTY The whole of the County of Cumberland was once an area of loveliness and wild life. The[...]utary Berowra Creek. In all of these, much of the County‘s great natural beauty has been preserved, but[...]. The natural beauty of the most priceless of the County's possessions, the Harbour and its foreshores, ha[...]en done in recent years to check alienation. The County's most attractive scenery is the sandstone countr[...]cance support the argument for preservation. THE COUNTY OPEN SPACE PROPOSALS The major features of th[...]ace are - (a) A district open space system. (b) A County green belt. (c) Additional scenic areas,[...] |
| Page 140 opm SPACE THE DISTRICT OPEN SPACE SYSTEM Planning of open space aims not only to meet requirements[...]o be made for further investiga- tion in detailed planning. The district open space system, which, by reaso[...]remainder is expected to be provided by detailed planning within each of the districts formed by the green[...]k of meeting them so important, that it becomes a County responsibility to ensure that proper guidance is given, so that the subsequent local planning will conform to the over-all County pattern. (b) The opportunities of securing suita[...]ore the plan in some instances goes beyond strict County limits, to preserve large areas of suitable vacan[...]he major part of the open space deficiency in the County, and to emphasise the district pattern. Besides u[...]evelopment of the lesser physical features of the County. In the inner closely-settled areas, these natura[...]capable of being converted to open space over the planning period. This green web, in addition to the Harbo[...]for even small reservations are very limited. The County Plan, however, provides for a. |
| OPEN SPACF Page 141 large reclamation scheme at Rose Bay (from the base of Point Piper to Vauc[...]o detailed for the investigatir pried out for the County Plan. Their subsequent preservation is assured by a prupt l for strict control and detailed planning of the whole of the harbour area described in Cha[...]the River. George's River and Botany Bay The planning problem for the George's River is less acute than[...]er, west of the Salt Pan, lie within the proposed County Green Belt and are protected by a proposed George[...]ne of the finest tracts of natural scenery in the County, ranging from the precipitous, deep-waten foresho[...]for public recreation will provide an unsurpassed County park for mdtoring, bush—walking and all[...] |
| [...]Wolli Greek Expressway, which will be one of the County‘s major parkways. Rockdale Peninsula Anoth[...]bs have the great advantage of being close to the County's most important belt of existing open space - th[...]ek forms a definite district boundary, which the County Plan emphasises by a broad strip of parkland. Th[...]must be implemented by a large—scale clearance scheme involving the conversion of sub-standard[...] |
| [...]RESERVES _ DISTRICT UPEN spans COUNTY OF I: URBHN HREHS CUMBERLAND ERURHLBHUHGRDUND COUNTY OPEN SPACE WW, \\ .mm (DIAGRAMMATIC) . Bul[...] |
| [...]ce System, further provision has been made in the County Plan (in many cases by including proposals by loc[...]ed land. The following summary indicates how the County proposals contribute to internal open space requirements - Manly-Warringah In addition to the County open specs included in the Green Belt and Harbour[...]possible to meet total open space requirements by County proposals, which must be supplemented (in detailed planning) by using small isolated areas and ultimately by[...]e available land. As on the North Shore, detailed planning must provide supplementary small areas. Hyde-Eastwood County proposals (in addition to the lane Cove River Scheme) are a reserve along Terry's Creek, Eastwo[...] |
| [...]to be exploited, a large proportion of open space planning must be left to the extensive long-term redevelop[...]ed to eliminate sub-standard houses. ' A belt or County open space - Long Cove, part of the Cook's River[...]ild- ings which constitute the focal point of the County and the State. The basis for a great park system[...]are being considered. Eastern Suburbs The main County system (largely efisting) provides an exc[...] |
| [...]iver. Further internal areas are indicated on the County Plan at Bardwell Creek, Kogarah and Peakhurst. C[...]n a local basis. Sutherland The majority of the County proposals in Sutherland are associated with the G[...]ance; this is the focus of a recreational area of County-wide signifi— cance and offers one of the few r[...]y green belt or rural lands. Internally, detailed planning for new development or for redevelopment of exist[...]e their establishment as satellite towns. To such planning must be left the provision of the required propor[...]Park actually »xhen 5 beyond the boundary of the County formed by the Nepean River. The reservatio[...] |
| [...]isfactorily only after detailed investigation and planning. Responsibility for its foreshores is shared by a[...]e investigation too detailed for the scope of the County Plan. However, it is by no means merely a local p[...]on depends on a later and more detailed stage of planning. The County proposals retain as many of the headlande and cli[...]tern Suburbs. Parkways A number of the proposed County roads are capable of extensive parkway tre[...] |
| [...]e reg rded as an essential feature 1 the detailed planning of all pr posed Count. roads and railways The wid[...]od, where protection from suburbanism is the only planning requirement. Further south, cutting acros[...] |
| [...]capable L 3.2;]ng some of the finest t1 in of the County - can represent not only an eosihetic but also a[...]um to the commfity. A large-scale re-forestation schemeCounty. It i. .1114- sufficient primary production lands[...]try- e..(‘.e azwrounding the .rban areas of the County, in place of an insecure and indefinite margin of[...]space and nearby countr; 516:. PM .Lsation of the County Plan's proposals would go far towards meeting the[...]unt of 'sub- standard de velonment. More detailed planning will locate areas smaller and nor obscure;[...] |
| THE GREEN BELT. 117, 118. Prospect Creek‘ one of the County’s minor watercourses. The beauty and rur[...] |
| [...]ay were killed or injured in mud accidents in the County. |
| [...]River railway bridges. Communications between the County and surrounding regions involve costly bri[...] |
| [...]ecentralisation of goods yards is proposed in the County Plan. n—uVu-‘ww |
| [...]reatment is pro- posed for the major roads of the County. 140. Belt Parkway, New York. The de-[...] |
| [...]ondilly 1,400 acres TOTAL COUNTY TOTAL |
| [...]ch make it so. It follows that transport, in its planning aspects, must be con- sidered altogether.“ F.M[...]ute providing access as well as the services. The planning problem is to provide the means to co—ordinate[...]to which it is best adapted. In the comprehensive planning of a new region, a system of transport is require[...]cter of these elements. For a region such as the County of Cumberland, the whole transport system must provide for the[...]trend. Within this phase of mechanised movement, planning must co-ordinate the various transport media with[...]m for human working and living. At the same time, planning must correct the problems of residential s[...] |
| [...]53 of Port Jackson, is the focus not only of the County of Cumberland but of the State of New South Wales. As the capit[...]All forms of long-distance transport traverse the County, meeting and inter- changing within a rectangular[...]Within this area is the commercial centre of the County and 30 per cent of its total employ- ment. leadin[...]one intrastate and the fifth extending beyond the County boundary. Four major highways, all with interstat[...]e services, local transport also converges on the County Centre, largely because of centralised employment[...]lude steam train services from the borders of the County, an urban electric train system from Hornsby, Par[...]les. The loadings of the transport system in the County in 1946-47 are illustrated by the followin[...] |
| [...]e to follow planned development. REQUIREMENTS OF COUNTY TRANSPORT It will not be sufficient for the County Plan to provide merely a temporary palliative for[...]ween urban units, as well as for contact with the County Centre. Cross-country and circumferential road a[...]h con- sequent reductions in peak-hour effects. "County" transport routes must be considered as of an art[...]tem. The design of a transport system within the County would be deficient if it recognised only utilitarian needs. The natural beauty of the County warrants a satisfactory standard of access, while[...]n, particularly merit inclusion in a co-ordinated scheme. Long-distance communications are, by their nature, allied with the County Centre. Terminals and storage space for long-dist[...]-distance traffic are less intense than those of County communications, the methods are in process of eve[...]ons. The types of transport operating within the County require detailed examina- tion, and the planning proposals of each will be described separately. |
| [...]ers, and the Port of Sydney will always serve the County as the main terminus for overseas goods as well a[...]and possibly even for New Zealand. The national planning policy of developing new ports appears unlikely t[...]nsibility for providing these requirements in the County of Cumberland lies with the Maritime Services Board, which has submitted proposals for inclusion in the County Plan. These have been investigated and related to the over-all requirements of the County. In this respect the main feature of the County Plan is the full development of the foreshores of[...]ly improved standard, is shown on the Plan. This scheme is the outcome of co-operation with the Ma[...] |
| [...]will be elaborated in Advisory Proposals for the County Centre. Other allied proposals are the special po[...]red that little development is warranted in other County harbours. In Botany Bay, extensive artificial wor[...]ying-boat base. AIR TRANSPORT In one sense, the County is the birthplace of heavier-than-air transport f[...]d since the end of the war in 1945. To—day, the County is the focal point of State and Interstate air se[...]ssengers and 6,128 tons of freight passed through County air ports. There are indications that air servic[...]units are used. Nevertheless, it is essential in planning for airport facilities that ample space be provid[...]In submitting proposals for air terminals in the County, it has been realised that the growth of air tran[...]-distance terminal. Within the urban area of the County are Kingsford Smith Airport and Rose Bay F[...] |
| [...]ave been examined diring the prepara- tion of the County Plan and are now protected from unnecessary urban[...]ys and to allied transportation routes within the County Centre, with off—street loading and parking fac[...]to be included in the Advisory Proposals for the County Centre. In addition to the major civil air proposals, the County rural area provides scope for a considerable num[...]g develcquwnt, and this feature has permitted the County rail system to function as a consistently efficient means of mass rapid transit. Average railway speeds in County urban areas, achieved with the negligible acciden[...],127 miles throughout New South Wales. Within the County there are 235 miles of steam traction line[...] |
| [...]on on moat of the urban passenger railways of the County. In 1947, the total passenger-miles travelled on[...]towards greater use of road transport within the County has greatly lessened the carriage of goods by rai[...]nsfer-stations. A new railway is proposed on the County Plan, to provide a strategic link between long di[...]fing beaches at Cronulla are the only ones in the County now served by |
| [...]MfllJR -— 1/2 noun -— ya mum -~— 1 ma CUMBERLAND TIME OF TRAVEL "IE CENTRE IJF CIWUNELUDIN[...] |
| [...]. ROADS Present Conditions The basis of the County road system was laid by early exploration and inf[...]blishment of settlements in the hinterland of the County. These settlements required communication with Po[...]w exceptions, the existing main routes within the County were developed during the horse transport era. S[...]e City alone at £10,000 a day. Expansion of the County, which first occurred in the southern and[...] |
| [...]traffic control. The present road network of the County centre is the result of the centralisa- tion whic[...]ibilities of the authority concerned. Within the County of Cumberland the Main Roads System is at present classified in[...]which are the principal communication between the County and country districts and between Sydney and the[...]oncurrence with the Department of Main Roads, the Scheme provides for new routes in accordance with princi[...]loyment, while neglecting the death and injury on County roads. In the County of Cumberland, during theyear ending June 1947, 261 persons wer[...]for the death or incapacity of 17 persons in the County each day would not be tolerated, yet this[...] |
| [...]access to neighbourhood play space. Access to the County Centre, which is the essential purpose of long-di[...]facilities scarcely exist. Apart from any other planning considerations, all this waste of effort demands[...]onary and only a corresponding revolution in road planning will remedy existing defects. The magnitude of th[...]at a base value of 4 for the urban portion of the County will ultimately be reached, making a total of approximately 550,000 motor vehicles within the County by 1972. The rising proportion of commercial vehicles indicates the industrial growth of the County and will be an important factor in road planning and pavement design, since the greater ave[...] |
| [...]been considered in the proposals for a redesigned County network. Principles Adopted for the County Road Plan The main conclusion to be drawn fro[...]outes through residential precincts. A survey of County road transport was carried out by the Department[...]ve report a valuable contribution was made to the planning of the County road system. The proposals of the County Plan have been formulated through constant liaiso[...]nd on adjacent land use has been recognised. THE COUNTY ROAD PLAN All main routes have been examined and[...]ar traffic. This analysis recognises the cardinal planning precept of traffic separation and groups those routes of County significance into - 1. Inter-Regional or Nationa[...]access to the outstanding natural features of the County. 5. Special Access Roads for major port f[...] |
| [...]efinition is an important task for detailed local planning. To simplify the delineation of the County System, only two classifications, a combination o[...]: and of (3), (4) and (5), have been shown in the County Plan. In most cases each road can be classified i[...]to adapt many existing routes. However, since the scheme largely requires the replanning of existing devel[...]ver its main functions. These new routes link the County Centre to the present outlets on the circum- fere[...]th. Several problems will be encountered in local planning following the establishment of this route,[...] |
| [...]— Western Expressway in a rural portion of the County, and providing ultimate expressway conditions by[...]the eastern suburbs and an industrial area to the County Centre. It follows existing routes and may achiev[...]n areas. This would be an attractive route to the County Airport, a valuable link with a major industrial[...]northern and southern expressway outlets from the County and joining intermediate routes, districts and em[...]at Ryde, is potentially the most important cross-county route and has therefore been given regional statu[...]ch as Military Road, Mosman, have been adopted as County routes because of the topography and existing dev[...]Every opportunity has been seized to include the County‘s outstanding scenic attractions in the genera[...]rama. Acceptance of the transit function of all 'County" roads accentuates the need for insulating[...] |
| [...], involving the addition of district roads to the County road pattern, can now be foreseen. In the establi[...]is one of the requirements in the detailed local planning of County areas. This will involve the closing of many unne[...]lving much reclassification, will require careful planning. The real cost of such a system to the national[...], and not overwhelmed by, the road traffic of the County. IDNG-DISTANCE ROAD TRANSPORT SERVICES It is[...]auxiliary facilities. Advisory Proposals for the County Centre will include such terminals. PUBLIC ROAD TRANSPORT SERVICES County or local road transport includes electric tram an[...]lisation and congestion in the inner areas of the County are due to this radial pattern. Horse-dra[...] |
| [...]e urban area and much of the rural portion of the County, acting as feeder services to rail stations and f[...]of bus services arises from the absence of local planning schemes. Many routes traverse and dangerously sev[...]e pattern of bus routes through the lack of local planning information. The delineation of this pattern is an urgent requirement of local detailed planning, illustrated by the fact that, in the year 1946/1[...]is the task of the local plan, in amplifying the County Plan, to indicate for public vehicles the routes[...]S The number of private motor vehicles in the County has increased at a greater rate than the populati[...]te than that of vehicles, except in the congested County Centre, where limitations of road capacity and pa[...]specialist authority, and the application of the County Plan to road design is to be considered mainly as it affects vehicular traffic within the County. First claims for the use of road space.in a red[...]will be submitted with the advisory plan for the County Centre. with the development of expressway conditions to the County Centre, the use of a distributor roadway s[...] |
| TRANSPORT Page 167 planning of access to the precincts is a problem for early[...]ESTRIAN TRAFFIC I It is a vital function of any planning scheme that the population, especially the very young an[...]e major features of the Advisory Proposals of the County Planning Scheme that suitable treatment to ensure precinct develo[...]retail shops, are the overdue inheritance of all County dwellers. CO-ORDINATION 0F TRANSPORT SERVICES The proposals for future communications set out on the County Plan may be summarised briefly - Long-Distance Transport The increasing importance of the County Centre has been recognised, and provision has bee[...]suitable areas for new routes and installations. County Transport Communications within the County have been designed as an integral element in the total planning scheme. Routes of roads and railways will facilitate a r[...]ndustry and the establishment of urban districts. County roads have been classified as transit routes, and[...]delineation has been recommended for early local planning action. Defects in the transport system, which h[...]y co-ordinated system of feeder services. In the County urban area, railway stations are spaced at[...] |
| [...]___..___———————— radius from the County Centre which are served by rail transport, only 4[...]ed a powerful influence on the development of the County. The planned pattern of its future development wi[...]ng detailed proposals for such co-ordination, the County Planning Scheme indicates the field for the collaboration[...] |
| [...]dividuals." Iewis Mumford The responsibility of County planning for schools, hospitals and other institu- tions i[...]n. However, social institutions have an important planning function, for they can greatly influence the grouping of the communities around them. The County Plan has, in its pattern of districts, laid the f[...]only of institutions which serve the needs of the County population as a whole. For those with district fu[...]ed, since this is regarded as matter for detailed planning of the districts. General require- ments for each[...]titutions. The group of these districts forms the County, with the City as the integrating force, while the County in turn has its special institutions which serve the County as a whole. The present trend of Social Services[...]y in the provision of social benefits. Within the County, the increasing demand can be assessed in the gro[...]re on social benefits is illustrated on Page 182 Planning for the distribution and location of sooial insti[...]institutions, such as courts and hospitals. For planning purposes the term "social institutions" is[...] |
| [...]dent. 1. EDUCATION AND THE ARTS Mucstion in the County of Ctmberland is generally provided by the New So[...]to being a part of the State system, however, the County contains the headquarters of the Department and[...]ed institutions which serve the whole State. For planning purposes, the system has been divided into - (a)[...]tion of the arts had their early beginning in the County. The University was founded in 1850, the Australi[...]eographical Society were established early in the County's history, the Royal Society as early as 1[...] |
| [...]distributed throughout the populated parts of the County, but many are overcrowded, largely because of' th[...]n for public requirements. Most urban land in the County was privately subdivided and, unless the subdivid[...]g features of the development of education in the County: on the one hand the great advance made in[...] |
| [...]commercial radio, is sufficient indica- tion tlat planning in the county should take adequate measures to meet the cultura[...]r of persons in the 5—14 years age group in the County population to the year 2000. The position in the County is expected to be worse than for the whole of Aus[...]on trend will seriously affect the nation and the County in the immediate future, it should not be allowed[...]provision of schools and Similar establishments. Planning for Schools The'schools of the County provide for the education of children from[...] |
| [...]tion for 30900 immigrants per year. Children in County estimated as 20']. of Australian total. of Cumberland IIOO 280 260[...]ARS OF AGE YEARS 945-2000 FOIL AUSTRALIA AND THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND (NationaI Heafih and Medical Research ReporI) I[...]7O , I945 I950 I955 I960 WITHIN THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND. I965 I970 I975 I980 YEARS ESTIMATE[...]ISO [20 IIO I00 90 BO 70 2000 THOUSANDS COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND |
| [...]ing requirements in the future development of the County can be stated as follows - (a) Provision of new[...]e new or increased development is proposed in the County Plan. (b) Improvement of existing suitably-locat[...]military units, sporting bodies and others. The County Plan provides at this stage for distribution of s[...]schools which will be dealt with in the detailed planning stage. The neighbourhood (with a population of 5[...]l make conformity with the district system of the County Plan even more desirable and practicable. As a re[...]ols will be confined to the larger centres of the County, serving possibly more than one district e[...] |
| [...]ere is generally only one of each of these in the County. Technical Education The Technical Education Br[...]ction of the Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Scheme has added a new and heavier burien. Though this scheme plays a large part in Technical Education at pres[...]h finality in the next five or six years and the Scheme will not have a material effect on planning. There are at present eight technical colleges in the County, providing for approximately 30,000 students, inc[...]sored by the Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Scheme. These colleges are at Belmore, Granville, Ieichh[...]sses. The dispersal of employment proposed in the County Plan will ensure that both conditions of location can be met. In accordance with the County Plan's proposals, the Technical Education Branch[...]employment and population. The urban areas of the County have been divided into five zones, in each of whi[...]llowing colleges will be required in the detailed planning of districts - Zone Colleges St. Leonards[...] |
| [...]st-graduate courses and research facilities. The County Plan provides for the siting of the Institute at[...]o residential and industrial areas throughout the County, and the confluence of the Western and Southern H[...]sored by the Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Scheme. It is anticipated that almost all of these stude[...]ansion of the University precinct is shown on the County Plan. The area is now occupied by sub-standard ho[...]ystem, the principal cultural institutions in the County are devoted to music, painting and sculptu[...] |
| [...]however, stands alone as a musical centre in the County. Most important concerts are conducted in the Tow[...]ture The increasing cultural appreciation of the County population is reflected in a greater demand for literature than ever before. From a planning point of view, this demand can be not only by pr[...]braries. The general library organisation in the County, though short of standards maintained in m[...] |
| [...]in the 'iity Centre, the site is not shown on the County Plan. THE CITY AND DISTRICT CENTRES Most of[...]ity, where the establishment is 1“ Statewide or County importance. It is also intended that many similar[...]centres. Sites for these are not indicated on the County Plan, but a number of suitable sites in the City[...]ed at a later stge for consideration in detailed planning. The following institutions are to be loc[...] |
| [...]-day, the hospital accommodation available in the County, exclusive of mental and T.B. cases, is approxima[...]and nurses. For the projected population of the County in 25—30 years, it is estimated that a 100 per[...]total of 16,000 beds. The present system in the County of Cumberland consists of - (a) General hospitals (public and[...]spitals are all centralised to serve not only the County but the State; they are also teaching hospitals a[...]alists. Concurrently with the preparation of the County Plan, a plan for hospitals of the County was drawn up by the Hospitals Commission of N.S.W[...]r the over-all needs of the large sections of the County which they serve. This involves only the expansio[...]ds each, to serve the populations forecast by the County Plan. CENTRAL HOSPITALS These are the only hospitals provided for in the County Plan where new sites are required. Even th[...] |
| [...]Erskineville, incorporated in a pre—war housing scheme. |
| [...]s - a total of 1,800 beds. The site shown in the County Plan as reserved for the Medical Centre based on[...]bed Medical Centre has been provided for, in the County Plan, by reserving a site on the western side of[...]nct character of the university grounds. Roads of County importance serve the general area without actuall[...]the Hospitals Commission, and recommended by the County Plan, that each of four main sections of t[...] |
| [...]of population, as defined by the districts in the County Plan, the distribution of these hospitals (regard[...]of these hospitals must be determined in detailed planning. The minimum area required for each unit is 10~15[...]hese requirements will be met at a later stage of planning. The Reception House at Darlinghurst is a[...] |
| [...]HOSPITALS AND HOMES FOR THE AGED Within the County there are State Hospitals and Homes for Men at Li[...]also 2? charitable homes for the aged within the County, most of which are controlled by religious bodies[...]ated in a rural area. Since this would provide no planning difficulties no site has been indicated on the County Plan. 3. JUSTICE COURTS OF LAW Although there are many Courts of Law located in the County, including those of a special nature whici SSTV'[...]courts would be within the City of Sydney as the County Centre, and precise locations are therefore not indicated on the County Plan. In the detailed planning of District Centres provision will need to be mad[...]ENAL INSTITUTIONS The principal gaols within the County are the State Penitentiary for Men and the[...] |
| [...]ed railway fully effective, it is proposed in the County Plan that the land at present occupied by the Gao[...]the Women's Reformatory, in the rural area of the County. The re-siting of Parramatta Gaol in a rural area would not present any planning problems. In UI'HER SOCIAL AND CIVIL PROTECTION[...]vices is the pattern of districts proposed by the County Plan. A summary of all expenditure on soc[...] |
| [...]& Drainage Board. Electricity supply: The Sydney County Cmmcil. The N.S.W. Government Railway Gomissioner[...]the control of local government authorities. The County Plan is concerned, not with the design and other[...]are essential. One of the principal aims of the County Plan - the attainment of the I'best condit[...] |
| [...]rge sections of both urban and rural areas of the County. Only 41 per cent of the present urban area is se[...]achieved in most of the urban areas shown on the County Plan. It cannot be said that all such areas can b[...]nts, other than those shown as urban areas on the County Plan, it would generally be necessary to adopt a[...]d paved street access. Water supply from the main County system would be restricted to the areas within ec[...]ent of its full capacity. The delineation of the County's Living Areas has been greatly influenced[...] |
| [...]teric diseases has not been fully recorded in the County as some of these are not notifiable diseases, but[...]ttributed mostly to the laying of sewers. In the County of Cumberland, similar results are apparent. During the[...] |
| [...]- Icss - --- Ava-3g: f‘ur Nim Municipalihu of County milk man {Inn 507.0? duullings swarm . ' M[...] |
| Page 133 PUBLIC muons The present vacant land in the County, served with water and electricity, could suppor[...]than 250,000 - one-seventh of the people in the County. One munici} lity alone has sufficient electricit[...]other hand there are nearly 100,000 homes in the County which have no sewerage, perhaps the most essentia[...]inconvenience to many thousands of people in the County, have prejudiced the attainment of a high standar[...]terests of the cmmnmity. A large section of the County population has been forced to live under condi- t[...]o allow full development of more suitable areas. PLANNING PROPOSAIS It is not the function of the County Plan to attempt the desired changes to the system of land development, which applies not only to the County but to the remainder of the State where it has pr[...]able of development. It is not a function of the County Plan to deal with land rating, but as such[...] |
| [...]ain measures are proposed within the scope of the County Plan, which will have the effect of largely overc[...]date the anti— cipated future population of the County (based on liberal estimates of popula— tion inc[...]oposals must be of particular significance in the planning and provision of public utilities. Future develop[...]ily been broad in its execution, so that detailed planning will undoubtedly lead to further small reservatio[...]e co-ordination of utilities and development. The County Plan provides a basis for such co-ordination —[...]e co-operation between the utility bodies and the planning authority will the full provision of services be possible and the benefits of the County Plan achieved. |
| [...]Rivers merge with the sea. The ocean front of the County is a succession of bold headlands and sanded beac[...]while, almost completing the encirclement of the County by water is the deep, broad Hawkesbury-Nepean Riv[...]nitude and variety that the other harbours of the County are of secondary importance and no great or varie[...]e most urgent need and the major proposal for the County's waterways is the protection of their timeless beauty, which belongs not to Sydney or the County, but to the nation. Enough of this natural loveliness remains to show that the County was a wonderland in its virgin state. In little m[...]destruction it involved cannot be justified. The planning problem of the foreshores, therefore, is not only[...]must be a forerunner to successful application of planning. It is in order to draw attention to the i[...] |
| [...]pplied to the land flanking the waterways of the County, devoted to some use requiring, or at least exploiting, water frontage. Foreshores in the County are of three main types — Ocean Harbour and Es[...]reshores are in, or bound, the urben_areas of the County. This fact indicates both their accessi— bility[...]to which they are exposed. OCEAN FORESHOHES The County faces the Pacific Ocean from Barrenjoey to Bulli[...]ing them. The centralised transport system of the County has caused intense over- crowding of those closes[...]te but otherwise equally attractive. The proposed County railways and road should serve to bring ab[...] |
| Page 192 WATERWAYS AND FORESHORES The proposed County transport system would make many more beach resorts easily accessible. One of the first steps in detailed planning, therefore, should be to set aside sufficient lan[...]RBOURS AND ESTUARIES 0f the four harbours of the County only two have been extensively developed — Port[...]ess to the waterfront. In the urban areas of the County, 30 per cent of the foreshores of harbours and es[...]shores are continuously built-up for many miles. Planning for the preservation of foreshores must recognise[...]lar in their physical character- istics, presents planning problems varying according to the degree o[...] |
| [...]bmitted for the development of other ports in the County, demands on Port Jackson will require that its re[...]me Serv1ces Board, provision has been made in the County Plan for wharf extensions around Blackwattle and[...]located along the waterfront are set aside in the County Plan as "Special" industrial zones, in whi[...] |
| [...]features, and the most prominent structure in the County, is a constant reminder of the handicaps to devel[...]lar- ly influenced the transport proposals of the County Plan. For many reasons, the Harbour Bridge is wo[...]opportunity should be taken, during the detailed planning stage, to deepen these reserves and extend them[...]retained its native beauty. The proposals of the County Plan embrace a large area to be preserved in its[...]development into one of the finest resorts in the County. Along Parrsmatta and lame Cove Rivers most of t[...]blic access and little opportunity exists for re- planning. HOJever, it is proposed to set aside a la[...] |
| [...]the Hawkesbury have scarcely been touched. 0n the County side of the river, Ku-ring-gai Chase, the foresho[...]ne great National Park. The southern side, in the County, is already well preserved. On the north shore, w[...]part of which is named Nepean, has a place in the County's affairs which would be more fully realised if i[...]it provides almost all of the water supply of the County and far beyond; it delineates the inland boundary of the County and on its banks are most of the rural towns. Wh[...]ection of its foreshores are matters for detailed planning. Between Mulgoa and Penrith, however, the Nepean[...]est-clad uplands, then drives straight across the Cumberland Plain. This glorious stretch of river is a natura[...]of the most picturesque and rugged valleys in the County; downstream is a perfect course for rowing and al[...]d requires joint action in the area adjoining the County. |
| [...]is beyond practical limits. The proposals of the County Plan represent as much as can be done on a[...] |
| [...]ed land along this shore has been proposed in the County Plan, mainly in order to retain one side of Port[...]beyond the scope possible in the first stage of a County Scheme. Opportunities for treatment exist,- but generall[...]ttle attempt to create hamony by shapes, forms or planning, or to zone areas against overbuilding and[...] |
| [...]YS AND FORESHORES subject to - 1. A detailed planning scheme, supplementing existing facilities and the proposals of the County Plan by exhausting the opportunities for revertin[...]heir foreshores. In the case of (1) the detailed planning scheme should provide for - a) Harbour rest parks[...] |
| [...]9 "Planned economy can mean nothing less than planning for full employ— ment and for production, for[...]mum-- - econonw must be town and country i - - ' planning." L, '\ x . H.W.J. Heck Planning on the scale attempted in the County Scheme is a venture without pre- cedence in New South Wa[...]scope. The Local Government Act, under which the County Planning Scheme has been pre- pared, requires that the Scheme, prior to submission to the Minister, be made ava[...]ure - for all of which the Plan offers a remedy. Planning appears to be ambitious only because the conditio[...]st", yet these deficiencies were once adequacies. Planning must overcome the deficiencies arising from inade[...]essful attempt at co—ordinated or comprehensive planning. Developnent was likely to take place anyw[...] |
| Page 200 Dfl’lfl'fllNTING THE SCHEME of present conditions, a remedy which lies no[...]ans the achievement.o£.all of the objects of the Planning Scheme — full development of the land-use proposals, f[...]onsible for works similar to the proposals of the Scheme. Facilities for detailed design and construction required in connection with County open space proposals are in the hands of trusts s[...]of the constructing authority. With regard to the County Plan, however, land affected by the proposals may[...]velopment of land takes the form of — (a) Local Planning, or planning of internal detail. (b) Administration governing development of land in accordance with the County Plan and the local plan. Local planning applies to living areas, industrial areas, rural[...]and also local transport requirements. While such planning is in progress, development of land must be administered in accordance with the overall frame- work of the County Plan, conforming also in detail with the l[...] |
| MWEIETING THE SCHEME Page 201 County Plan should be commenced tagether. Consequently,[...]al powers for carrying into effect any prescribed scheme are contained in the Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act, 1915. For the County Flaming Scheme these are supplemented by the Scheme Ordinance which prescribes additional and more specific powers necessary to implement the Scheme mlly. The Act requires that the Scheme shall contain provisions specifying the responsib[...]g into effect and enforcing the provisions of the Scheme. The Ordinance sumitted with the Scheme prescribes the Cumberland County Council as the Responsible Authority. Such provis[...]:17 bodies involved in the implementation or the Scheme. (b) Developnent of land - the administration co[...]g uee) necessary to enforce the provisions of the County Plan and supplementary planning. (c) Further County Planning - the detailed planning necessary to precede complete implementation of certain County proposals, such as open space, the green belt, harbour protection areas; also possible further planning in pursuance of Ordinance 104. A further delega- tion of powers may be necessary for this work. (d) Local planning - the planning of internal detail of local planning units as broadly defined in the County Plan. (6) Design and construction - the detailed planning or design and sub- sequent construction involved[...]Authority for financing the implementation of the Scheme. ‘ AUTHORITIES Authorities which will, in som[...]nsible for implementation of the proposals in the County Planning Scheme are as follow - « |
| [...]g into effect and enforcing the provisions of the Scheme. Because of the complex nature of the County Scheme, involving a large number of local and other auth[...]ome responsibilities in the implementation of the Scheme, it has been provided in the Scheme Ordinance that there shall be only one Responsibl[...]thority ‘~» _“ The task of administering the Scheme Ordinance and thaiAct, with regard to the development of land from the time the Scheme comes into operation, is a specific responsibilit[...]ed to~conform/with the land- use proposals of the County Plan, will also need to conform with the local pl[...]eted. For this reason, and also because the local planning author- ity is the appropriate body — and the m[...]e powers and responsibilities may be dele- gated. County open space, with few exceptions, is intended to s[...]ves) to be carried out by private interests. A. Planning Authority The Planning Authority is an authority responsible eith[...] |
| IMPIEI-iEN'I‘ING THE SCHEME Page 203 County planning or for local planning. V 7'"— ADMINISTRATION OF LAND USE PROPOSAIS‘ 7,, , ,-, Administration of the Scheme Ordinance with respect to proposed development of land defined on the County Plan as living, industrial, and rural areas, cent[...]ecting land reserved for any other purpose of the Scheme such as proposed roads or railways, will be the[...]shop would be permissible in a living area of the County Plan, but its proposed location might not conform[...]In some cases, where general conformity with the County Plan is achieved, but not with the local plan in[...]st be recognised that,'in the early stages, local planning may not be sufficiently advanced for control of developnent for local planning to be administered other than by general principles. As local planning becomes well advanced, it must in many respects gradually become woven into the County Plan, so that ultimately the two can be regarded[...]on in this case, therefore, is dependent on local planning being carried out. Regarding densities for living areas defined on the County Plan, it has been explained in Chapter 9 that the[...]densities are intended mainly as a guide to local planning, and must be replaced in the local plan by more d[...]ies with the general conditions prescribed in the Scheme Ordinance for the type of area. As previously ex[...]ilities available, and two general classes in the County Plan, according to sine, nature and nuisan[...] |
| Page 20:, II'APIfl/“IITING THE SCHEME Most of the industrial areas defined in the County Plan are subject to re- planning of the street and lot layout, from the existing r[...]precise definition of suitable areas by detailed planning. In the meantime, it must be applied with dis- cr[...]the city. City development permissible under the Scheme Ordinance and subject to the detailed plan is sim[...]Green Belt and Harbour Protection Areas These two County proposals have similar characteristics, in[...] |
| MWING THE SCHEME Page 205 of land-use administration within them[...]vement. In the first instance, and until detailed planning of these areas has reached an advanced stage, adm[...]orming Developnent The land-use proposals of the County Plan have resulted in a considerable amount of is[...]roposals to extend them. It is prescribed in the Scheme Ordinance that the Responsible Authority may serv[...]forming development should be delayed until local planning has reached an advanced stage. By then a decisio[...]of non-conformity without serious departure from planning principles. Developnent Affecting Comty Roads an[...]e direct access or frontage to major roads on the County Plan). Until these decisions have been prepared,[...]f zone. For this reason, provision is made in the Scheme Ordinance for such development to be permi[...] |
| Page 206 DIPH‘J‘IENTING THE SCHEME actually been defined in the County Plan. In such areas, applications for development[...]d or railway purposes. ' ' '— I - t ' n IDCAL PLANNING : L“ i“: The Local Planning Unit It is obvious from the frequent references[...]ion to the local plan, that the implementation of County land-use proposals cannot be fully effective until local planning has reached a stage at which at least a tentative plan is produced. For instance, in a County living area, conforming development includes not[...]phazardly, would destroy the effectiveness of the County proposal. To quote another instance, small settle[...]many of the present local government areas in the County are not suitable for local planning. Suitable units, generally much larger than many of the present ones, are established physically in the County Plan by open space and road patterns. These are c[...]t area they embrace groups of them, so that local planning may be carried out by Joint action by the local c[...]for in the Act. The responsibility of the local planning authority with respect to each of these mite will be to prepare a detailed planning scheme within the framework provided by the Cmmty Plan. The need to vary in minor degree the outline of the County Plan is bound to arise, as the result of further investigation carried out in connection with such planning. This may involve minor amend- ment to the County Plan when the local plan has been prepared and, i[...]onsideration at a regular periodical review. The County Plan takes the form of a series or pattern of com[...]n or rural, must be planned separately in detail. County planning having resolved the County into separate units, local planning must resolve each of these units even further, es[...]essentially the residential neighbourhood. Local planning should be represented in two stages, each stage t[...]amendment to the first. This would expedite local planning, and facilitate the implementation of the County Plan. Finally, it would overcome the delays in im[...]plan resulting from the long drawn-out process of planning to the last stages of detail. Local planning in the first stage should follow a technique similar to that which was adopted in the preparation of the County Plan, namely — (a) Interim or Tentative[...] |
| IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME Page 2U? The Statutory Local Plan of the first stage should comprise - (a) Road pattern - planning of the local transit roads, establishing (in con[...](supple- mentary to those broadly defined in the County Plan). (c) Centres — partition of area into ap[...]areas. (e) Industrial Areas - complete detailed planning (since industrial areas are the major instnment of dispersal according to County Plan). (f) General - architectural control, particularly in selection of sites for buildings or in detailed planning. The second stage would involve detailed planning or replanning of each of the smaller units establ[...]The City Dominating the whole pattern of local planning units is the city, with the essence of unification for the whole County. Detailed planning of the city, though following the technique of local and County planning, represents an entirely different problem in the[...]reas and industrial area generally dominate local planning, commerce, administration and communal establishm[...]g, even to the extent necessary in ordinary local planning, but rather the adjustment of a delicate piece of[...]rtant in the third dimension as it is spatially. Planning or replanning the City in the first stage[...] |
| [...]need for the utmost caution in administerirg the Scheme Ordinance and city interim zoning plane (in the a[...]ne of the earliest steps of implementation of the County Soneme. 77_,i__--- mama comm PLANNIYIo r'I-‘J‘ Though the bulk of detailed planning of land development will be undertaken "" by local planning authorities, some of it, because of the comprehen[...]ority. There are also additions to be made to the County Plan. In all cases further delega- tion of planning responsibility would be necessary, so that further county planning would consist of - (a) Detailed planning of Green Belt and Harbour Protection Areas. (h) Possible detailed planning of some industrial areas. (c, Definition of Distr[...]104 for which provision has not been made in the County Plan. Detailed planning required in the Green Belt and Harbour Protection[...]ese proposals embrace areas larger than the local planning unit. The preparation of a detailed plan for the[...]inves- tigation to that required in the detailed planning for rural areas generally - the location and deli[...]ent put forward in the detail plan. The detailed planning of industrial areas must be one of the first steps taken in the next_phase of local planning, so that industrial areas may be prepared[...] |
| [...]ge 209 Authority to assume the responsibility of Planning Authority for the detailed :11 "ring of industria[...]e not taken into account in the investigation and planning, its potentialities in this regard stand out very[...]e from the publication of district centres on the County Plan, conflicting with proposed centres of local[...]malgamation proposals. Further investigation and planning on a County scale may also be necessary in connection with ma[...]vision for these matters has not been made in the County Scheme in the nature of specific proposals but must remain to be covered in the further planning of the County. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION All of the proposals in the County Plan concerning roads, railways, special use and[...]t, minor variations in the locations shown on the County Plan may be necessary. While the question of desi[...]the Responsible Authority for approval regarding County planning principles, particularly where a variation from the County Plan is involved. With the exception of open spac[...]other than the Responsible Author- ity. Detailed planning of County open space proposals must be carried out by the s[...]transport, implementation of the proposals of the County Plan depends a great deal on the replenning of pr[...]quirements of dispersal and defence. The proposed County road system may generally be regarded as the route network for County road transport, while the local plan for district[...]al. Acquisition Many of the proposals of the County Plan which require construction (and thus[...] |
| Page 210 lMPlEMBNTING THE SCHEME the owner can make no suitable or profitable[...]any of a number of suitable temporary uses. The County proposal might also involve more land (generally[...]§ ___________ K ,. All of the proposals of the County Plan, andgconsequently their implementation are,[...]ployment, and so on. Just as the proposals of the County Plan are the result of relating the several needs[...]in con- struction and also in detailed design or planning. Co-Ordination in construc- tion means implementa[...]e early stages. Co-ordination in design or detail planning means the conformity in detail of inter-related[...]t of district centres? Again, should the detailed planning of the city be expedited in favour of harb[...] |
| IMPIcMENTING THE SCHEME Page 211 lst Order - Living Areas Industrial[...]to living areas the phases would be - (a) Local planning (Stage I) (b) Local planning (Stage II)(where redevelopment is involved) (c) H[...]elopment and in industrial areas - (a) Detailed planning (b) Acquisition (where necessary) (c) Site develo[...]to centres (third order of importance) only Local Planning (Stage I) would be attempted. The authorities res[...]rogramme of implementation does not accompany the County Scheme. Its preparation, however, should immediately follow approval of the Scheme, and if possible be commenced beforehand. The responsibility for implementation of the County Scheme and for the organisation involved cannot rest with one author- ity. Just as the preparation of the Scheme itself has been a combined effort based on the co[...]posals of the several authorities responsible for County works and services, so must successful implementation of the Scheme depend on continued co—ordination. |
| [...]derations of a proposal of such wide scope as the County Planning Scheme. They must be well conceived and of adequate range if the benefits of planning are to be realised. The first axiom in any analysis of town planning finance is that it costs the community more not t[...]ncreases their cost: many of the proposals in the Scheme could have been put into effect 50 or 100 years a[...]better utility services, are foreshadowed in the County Plan. Their cost should not be confused with the cost of planning, because they will have to be provided in some fo[...]ble, whether or not there is a plan. The cost of planning is the cost of preparing the Plan only. While it[...]coverable betterment. The cost of prepar- ing the County Plan is but a small insurance premium to protect County assets - land and improvement valued at £700,000[...]ey and efficiency offered to the community by the County Plan may be summarised thus — To the individua[...]ons such as sewerage; greater surety in their own planning of service extensions. To State and Federal Gove[...]over-all regional plan for an area as vast as the County of Cumberland and containing such a diversity of human e[...] |
| [...]expansion, manpower and materials become normal. Planning on a regional or County basis has aspects which are national in scope and[...]ely allocated to the Commonwealth, the State, the County or the local authority. The submissions and reco[...]ble apportionment of the cost of implementing the Scheme. Provision is made also for private enterprise to[...]uraged to undertake developnent conforming to the Scheme. The major and more costly aspects of planning are - (a) Main traffic arteries. (b) Slum Clear[...]tion. The new railways which are included in the Scheme, will be the subject of special legislation which[...]not shown will need to be included in an Amending Scheme. MAIN TRAFFIC ARTERIES Within the Cmmty'of Cumberland roads classified under the Main Roads Act are the[...]oads. All Shire and Municipal Councils within the County contribute to the Main Roads Fund an amount not e[...]he Main Roads Fund as from lst January 1938. The Scheme provides for the construction of a city ring moto[...]ivalent to that levied throughout the rest of the County. The City, County and State motorway system will form part o[...] |
| [...]integral to the whole Commonwealth as well as the County and State. It is suggested that the city distrib[...]fic, taking into consideration local and national planning. The Act provides for the addition of many hundr[...]Circumferential Route (not at present defined on County Plan) The County Scheme, as expressed in the Scheme Ordinance, provides that the Res- ponsible Authority, immediately following the passing of the Scheme by Parliament, shall be empowered to acquire land for expressways and parkways throughout the County. To enable this to be effected, a long-tens loan[...]G AND REDEVELOPMENT OF SUB-STANDARD AREAS The Scheme sets aside living areas sufficient in extent to m[...]ve building societies and private interests. The Scheme provides that within areas reserved for redevelopment any proposed re-housing will conform to the detailed planning of the area, whether such |
| [...]OPEN SPACE AND FORESHORES ‘ I i Z 1 ‘ ' The County Scheme provides for the reservation of open space and th[...]uch land should be resumed is provided for in the Scheme. Such acquisition shall be carried out by, and a[...]le Authority, where the proposed open space is of County significance, or by, and at the expense of the lo[...]councils and is of only local significance. The Scheme does not debar the Responsible Authority frmn giv[...]c greater facilities for its beneficial use. The Scheme provides for a restrictive reservation to be plac[...]mic usefulness. Similar provision is made in the Scheme for the reservation for public use of sele[...] |
| [...]ues, restricted by price-fixing regulations. The scheme prov1des for the acquisition of open space other than foreshores to be undertaken on a County basis by the Responsible Authority, and for this[...]arrange for the acquisition of vacant land within County open space or 0oreshore areas, except where the o[...]mended that finance for the ac uisition of vacant County open space, other than foreshores, shall be by me[...]s. Rekayment would be made from the proceeds of a County rate, of an amount not ex ceding id in the £ on all retable land within the County provided that the ri,e levied ox urban farm land[...]ast able to pay. It is therefore provided in the Scheme that l (a) Immediate acquiSition of all vacant f[...]hores, subject to restrictive reservations by the Scheme, be acquired at the expiration of the effective e[...]that purpose. COMPENSATION The Town and Country Planning Act provides for the payment of compensation to a[...]ration of any provision contained in a prescribed scheme. The execution of any works. The imposition of a[...]ement or carry- ing into effect of the prescribed scheme. Compensation creates a delicate problem at the outset of planning, for the question is to rectify the many e[...] |
| [...]done more than any other factor to inhibit bold planning. While the Scheme was in preparation, local councils showed reluctance to under- take planning projects because of fear of incurring unknown commitments for compensation. It has become plain that the planning of an area such as the County of Cumberland, in many ways unbalanced in development, must be[...]ted to shoulder the burden. At this stage of the County's growth, compensation claims will occur most hea[...]. Failure to face up to this problem resulted in planning being largely ineffect- ual in Great Britain for[...]itish Government has now, by the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, assumed financial responsibility for planning. The Act broadly fixes the value of land at its e[...]thought, has been applied in the proposals of the Scheme. It must be remembered that the County Plan is overall in scope and is based on County requirements. It affects 1,630 square miles and m[...]and betterment, therefore, must be related to the County as a whole and not to particular areas, because o[...]e distribution of the benefits and liabilities of planning. Compensation will arise from refusal of an appl[...]ment because it contravenes the provisions of the Scheme relating to zoning, or because the proposed devel[...], railway or other works proposnl prorided in the Scheme. In the latter cases, the |
| FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION Page 219 Scheme provides for the compulsory acquisition of the la[...]rest in land has been injuriously affected by the Scheme coming into operation is a liability. The amount[...]s recommend- ed that betterment in respect of the County Scheme shall be paid into the Central Planning Fund administered by the Responsible Authority, a[...]compensation claims arising from implementing the Scheme. The zoning of land for industrial, residential[...]t at the time of the coming into operation of the Scheme and the market value of the estate or interest if the Scheme had not come into operation. Any compensa[...] |
| [...]d living areas. (b) To insert a provision in the Scheme that, where land has become incapable of reasonab[...]e value as at the appointed day prescribed by the Scheme for assessing compensation and betterment (8th Ma[...]e first course would have thrown the whole of the County living area zoning out of balance and would have perpetuated aimless "sprawl", one of the evils which the Scheme aims to correct. The alternative (b) will preserve the planning principles on which the Scheme is based. However, the liability for the acquisit[...]—’ ._ \_ ' " ‘f H Provision is made in the Scheme Ordinance-for the acquisition of urban allot— m[...]e a well—balanced distribution of industry on a County-wide pattern. Much of the land is in residential[...]reluctant to undertake this important aspect of planning implementation. It is also necessary to acquire[...]s are out of balance with present building costs. Planning must recognise the obligation to ensure that disp[...]ere a property is resumed for the purposes of the Scheme, the owner shall be re-established in a property[...]ilding cost, where resumption is necess» ary for planning. The success of planning, and its administration in the best public[...] |
| [...]that the sale of land which has been acquired for planning and resale shall be excluded from the operations[...]ands are available where necessary throughout the County, it is proposed that the Responsible Authority be[...]or industrial and residential purposes within the County, where deemed necessary, and also where the local[...]illing or unable to undertake this function. The Scheme also authorises the Responsible Authority to cont[...]ble Authority. FINANCIAL PROVISIONS - GOVERNMENT PLANNING SUBSIDY It is recommended that the Government[...]rment. All betterment received in respect of the County Scheme shall be paid to the Government in repayment of t[...]isfaction of compensation claims arising from the County Scheme, the surplus shall be applied in recoupnent of Go[...]HNICAL OVERHEAD ' In view of the saving which planning will effect in the cost of providing water, sewer[...]be contributed by constituent councils. CENTRAL PLANNING FUND It is recommended that a Central Planning Fund be created, to be administered by the[...] |
| [...]orrowed in respect of acquisition of land for any planning purpose other than open space, motorways and parkways. (9) All moneys received for any planning purpose other than income asso- ciated with open[...]and other charges associa.ed-with he» _er than Scheme and income received or receivable f en’s 935 in[...]ning and sale. (c) Any purpose authorised by the Scheme for which provision is not made elsewhere. (d) T[...]y long-term loan repayable from the proceeds of a County rate not exceeding id. in the £ on U.C.V. of all ratabls land in the County, the rate to be one-half in respect of urb[...] |
| [...]ncils. 7. COMPENSATION AND BETTERMENT A Central Planning Fund should be created, administered by the Respo[...]es and expenditure on foreshore acquisitions. All planning financial operations, other than those relating t[...]ly apportion the cost commensurate with benefits. Planning should not be avoided merely because of di[...] |
| [...]D I X COUNCILS TO MEET THE COST OF PREPARING THE SCHEME COUNCIL Alemdria 431 49'? 497 1425 An[...] |
| [...]rbour, 21, 156, 192 —foreshores, 141, 191 —in County history, 2, 196 British Council, 171 Broken Bay,[...]-see Chapter 11 —cultural, 106, 177 —in local planning, 207 —land use in, 106—113 —past developmen[...]21, 156, 159 Civic Design —1ack of, 27 —local planning responsibility, 84 Climate, 23-4 Coal Deposits, 1[...]y, 1944, 64 Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Scheme, 174 Communications, see Transport Community Gro[...]or the Encouragement of Music and the Arts, 171 County of Cumberland —area of, 1, 218 ——boundaries, 1, 2 —gaze[...]ns, 30, 105, 170, 171, 175—7 —proposed, 177 Cumberland CountyPlanning Bulletins, 15 . —survey of substandard housing, 68 —stafi, xiv Cumberland Plain, 2, 4, 18, 21, 22, 28 D Darling Ha[...] |
| [...]kesbury—Nepean River; 19, 126, 190, 195 —as a County boundary, 2 —foreshores, 191 Hawkesbury[...] |
| INDEX TO THE REPORT (continued) —1ocal planning, 206—8, 211 —powers, 201 Industrial Areas, 32[...]ation, see Local Government (Town and Coun— try Planning) Amendment Act, 1945 Liaison and Consultation, 14[...]see Chapter 9 ——holiday areas in, 82 “local planning of, 84 —obsole5cence, 83 —popu1ation capacity[...]t Act, 1919, 5 Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act, 1945, xvii, xix—xx, 5, 8—12, 88, 201 Local Planning, 11, 84, 200, 206—8 —irnp1en-1entation[...] |
| [...]bour Protection Areas, 198 —settlement on, 195 Planning Legislation, see Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act, 194 Planning Scheme ‘ --—National and State influences on, 9-10[...]5 —1iving/working relationships, 44-6, 94 —of County, 36 —-of municipalities and shires, 38-40 —ov[...]83 ——survey of home ownership in, 69 Regional Planning, 9 Residential Areas, see Living Areas: Ch[...] |
| [...]lots in, 72 Sydney —area of, 3 —as centre of County, 29, 31, 153 —as a naval base, 3 —as a port,[...]22 —functions, 31, 152—3 —implementation of planning in, 207—8 —incorporation as a city, 5, 26 —indus[ty in, 90, 109 ,, proposals, 121 —influence on County, 30-1 —land use in, 106—11 . —living areas[...]108—9 Sydney Common, see Centennial Park Sydney CountyCounty development, 30 —loadings, 153 -pedestri[...] |
| [...]AREAS RESERVED FDR REDEVELOPMENT FOR SPECIAL USES COUNTY CENTRE REVISIONARY AREAS HARBOUR SCENIC PROTECT[...]ENERAL TERMS AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS MAP. COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND . U27 PLANNING SCHEME , OVERLAY FOR MAP IN GENERAL TERMS AND ADMINIS[...]ZENS. THE WHOLE REPRESENTS, IN GENERAL TERMS, THE SCHEME MAP SUBMITTED TO THE MINISTER FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT 0N 27m.JULY I948 COMRILEO BY CUMBERLAND COUNTY COUNCIL , l IIIIIIIIIIIIIAITIIIIIIIIIIIII[...] |
| [...]g IO Persons Der Acre)" ® ' INDUSTRIAL AREAS ' COUNTY OF GENERAL—CLASS A ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ® CUMBERLAND CLASS B __________________ SPECIAL—CENTRAL ____[...]ION MTH MAP SHOWING THE EXTENT AND NATURE OF THE SCHEME IN GENERAL TERMS SCALE um. I. A ‘A I 5 mm. 8TH‘MARCH 1948 COMPILED BY CUMBERLAND COUNTY COUNCIL t II I[...] |
| [...]EAS OPEN SPACE PARKS: RECREATION AREAS GREEN BELT COUNTY CENTRE I ‘ SPECIAL USES A COMMUNICATIONS A . R[...]ENIC PAI LWAYS _:*::": LAND RESERVED FOR FUTURE PLANNING IN ASSOCIATION WITH NORTHERN ILLAWARRA __ SUB-REGIONAL PLANNING AUTHORITY COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND V PLANNING SCHEME MAP SHOWING THE EXTENT AND NATURE OF THE SCHEME IN GENERAL TERMS SCALE I!“ h“ I- m- COMPILED BY CUMBERLAND COUNTY COUNCIL 8TH. MARCH 1943 | lIlllm I. 0005[...] |
TXT | |
| / I COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND PLANNING SCHEME REPORT PRESE..THD TO THE MINISTER FOR[...] |
| [...]IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME 29 SEP 1949 Planning on the scale attempted in the County Scheme is a venture without precedent in New South Wales[...]scope, The Local Government Act, under which the County Planning Scheme has been prepared, requires that the Scheme, prior to submission to the Minister, be made ava[...]ds. There is a natural tendency to regard such a Scheme, covering all aspects of develop- ment, as someth[...]be somewhat overwhelming. The proposals in the Scheme are not necessarily intended for immediate realisation. A frequent reaction is to regard such a Scheme as far too ambitious. Yet i f it were necessar[...]ion, education and culture - for all of which the Scheme offers a remedy, or at least a physical basis for finding a remedy. Planning appears to be ambitious only because the conditio[...]st", yet these deficiencies were once adequacies, Planning must overcome the deficiencies arising from inade[...]ccessful attempt at co-ordinated or comprehensive planning, Development was likely to take place anywhere[...]ions were lost to less worthy develoJ;1Dent. The County Scheme offers a remedy for lack of co-ordination and for[...]onditions, a remedy which lies not so much in the Scheme itself but in its realisation - its transf[...] |
| [...]eans the achievement of all of the objects of the Planning Scheme - full develc'P"le~t cf ~he land-use proposals, f[...]onsible for works similar to the proposals of the Scheme. To some exte nt facilities for detailed design and construction required in connection wi t h County open space proposals are in the hands of trusts s[...]he constructing authority. With regard to the County Scheme, however, land affected by t he proposals may not[...]ly little in advance of actual construction. The Scheme makes provision for the early acquisition of vacant land r equired for certain public purposes, i.e. for County open space, foreshores, County road s, railways and special uses, to be undertaken by the County Council as the Responsible Authority in this resp[...]s sewerage and water supply, do not appear in the Scheme because reservation of land (except f or installa[...]and takes the form of - (a) Local planning, or planning of internal detail. (b) Administr[...]land in accorda nce wi th the County Scheme and the particular locai schemes. Local planning applies to living areas, industrial areas, rural[...]d also local transport requirements. While such planning is in progress, development of land must be administered in accordance with the over-all framew ork of the County Scheme, conforming also in detail with the local[...] |
| DIPIEMENTING THE SCHEME Page 201 County Scheme should be commenced together. Consequently, it[...]al powers for carrying into effect any prescribed scheme are contained in the Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act, 1945. For the County Planning Scheme these are supplemented by the Scheme Ordinance which prescribes additional and more specific powers necessary to implement the Scheme fully. The Act requires that the Scheme shall contain provisions specifying the responsib[...]g into effect and enforcing the provisions of the Scheme, The Ordinance submitted with the Scheme prescribes the Cumberland County Council as the Responsible Authority for certain matters of national or County significance, leaving control of developnent ~nd[...]ed in the implementation of the Scheme. (b ) Development of land - the adm[...]g use) necessary to enforce the provisions of the County Scheme and supplementary planning. (~ ) Further County planning - the detailed planning necessary to precede complete implementation of certain County proposals, such as open space,[...]on areas; also possible further planning in µi.rsuance of Ordinance 104. A further[...]necessary for this work. (d) Local planning - the planning or internal detail of local planning units as broadly defined in the County Scheme. (e) Design and construction • th[...]Authority for financing the implementation of the Scheme·. AUTHO[...]nsible for implementation of the proposals in the County Planning Scheme are as follow - 1. The Reeponsible A,uthoritie[...]int.o effect and enforcing the provisions of the Scheme, Because of the complex natu~d of the County Scheme, involving a large number of local and oth[...] |
| [...]IMPIEMENTING THE SCHEME varying size and character, with some responsibilities in the implementation of the Scheme, it has been provided in the Scheme Ordinance that the re shall be one Responsible Authority (the County Ccuncil) in respect of matters of nati onal or County significance and further Responsible Authorities[...]the duties and functions allotted to it under the Scheme, some of which powers are not already provided fo[...]implementation. 2. Control of Development The Scheme provides for development, in general, to be contr[...]esthetic but the financial implementation of t he Scheme, require the over-all control to be exercised by the County Council. In addition, the regulation of non-confo[...]meantime, has been regarded as a matter of vital County importance, The answers to these questions of rem[...]ricably bound up with the basic principles of the Scheme as influencing dispersal and proper location of i[...]re, must be determined having regard to the wider County background. 3. Constructing Authority The Const[...]e powers and responsibilities may be delegated. County open space, with few exceptions, is intended to s[...]ld be possible for financial assistance (from the County Planning Fund) to be provided to local councils to ensure[...]es) to be carried out by private interests. 4. Planning Aut hority The Planning Authority is an authority responsible either for further County planning or for local planning. ADMINISTRATIGN OF LAND USE PROPOSALS Administration of the Scheme Ordinance with respect to pr oposed development of land defined in the County Scheme as living, industrial and rural areas, centres, t[...]shop would be permissible in a living area of the County Scheme, but its proposed loca tion might not conform wit[...]. Thus, development will need to conform with one scheme which is be ing carried into effect and an[...] |
| IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME Page 203. cases, where general conformity with t he County Scheme is achieved, but not with the local scheme in the preparatory stage, careful discrimination[...]t be recognised t hat, in the early stages, local planning may not be sufficiently advanced for contr ol of[...]stered other than by general principles. As local planning becomes well advanced, it must in many respects gradually become woven into the County Scheme, so that ultimately the two can be re garded as one. Local planning will also provide an opportunity for minor amendm[...]e revealed by closer study than was called for in County planning, to be made - for later incorporation into an amended County Scheme. Living Areas During the preparation of the local scheme, the local council may permit development which i[...]nterim plan and is, therefore, dependent on local planning being carried out. Regarding densities for living areas defined in the County Scheme , it ha s been explained in Chapter 9 that these[...]ensities are inte nded mainly as a guide to local planning, and mu st be replaced in the local scheme by more detailed density zoning. Development in[...]s wi th the general con itions prescribe ~ in the Scheme Ordinance for t he type of ar1rn. As previously e[...]ities available, and two general classes in tr. e County Scheme, acc or ding to nuisance characteristics of the i[...]flflo st of the industria l areas defined i n the County Scheme are subj ect to r eplanning of tl:e stree[...] |
| [...]IMPIE IENTINC THE SCHEME District Centres Developme nt permissible in[...]ould be the first affected by redevelopment. The County Ce ntre The importance of administration of deve[...]centres i s ev en more marked in relation to the County Centre. Development permissible there i n under the Scheme Ordinance, subject to the detailed plan, is simiJ[...]ndustry being established indiscriminately in the County Ce ntre, it must be recognised that certain types[...]nd maintenance. Larger industries required in the County Centre are certain types of pr inting wor ks, suc[...]lt and Harbour Scenic Protection Areas These two County proposals have similar characteristics, in that t[...]ement . In the first instance, and until detailed planning of these areas has r ea c hed an advanced stage,[...]orming Development The land-use proposals of the County Scheme have resulted in a considerable amount of i s ola[...]roposals to extend them. It is prescribed in the Scheme Ordinance that the Responsible Authority m[...] |
| IMPLEMENI' ING THE SCHEME Page[...]forming development should be delayed until local planning has reached an advanced stage, By then a decision[...]of non-conformity without serious departure from planning principles. DeveloJ.'.XllE!nt Affecting County Roads and Railway Proposals. Detailed designs fo[...]access or fro ntage to certain major roads in the County Scheme). Until these designs have been prepared, it will[...]. LOCAL PLANNING The Local Planning Unit It is obvious from the frequent references[...]on to the local plan., that the implementation of County land-use proposals cannot be fully effective until local planning has reached a stage at which at least a tentative plan is produced. For instance, in a County living area, conforming development includes not[...]azardly, would destroy the effect- iveness of the County proposal. To quote another instance, small settle[...]many of the present local government areas in the County are not suitable for local planning, Suitable units, generally much larger than many of the present ones, are established physically in the County Scheme by open space and road patterns. These are compac[...]t area they embrace groups of them, so that local planning may be carried out by joint action by the local c[...]for in the Act, The responsibility of the local planning authority with respect to each of these units will be to prepare a detailed planning scheme within the framework provided by the County Scheme. The need to vary in minor de gree the outline of the County Scheme is bound to arise, as the result of further investigation carried out in connection with such planning, This may involve minor amendment to the County Scheme when the local Scheme has been prepared and, in any case, the need for[...]onsideration at a regular periodical review. The County Plan takes the form of a series or pattern of com[...]n or rural, must be planned separately in detail. County planning having resolved the County into separate units, local planning must resolve each of these units even further, es[...]ntially the residential neighbourhood. The Local Scheme in its initial stage should comprise - (a) Road pattern - planning of the local transit roads, establishing[...] |
| [...]IMPIEMENT ING THE SCHEME (b) Living Areas - establishme[...]e ) I ndustr i al Areas - comple t e deta iled planning (since industrial areas ar e the major instrument of dispersal according to the County Scheme). (f ) General - architectural c[...]for buildings and in deta iled planning . The subsequent stage would involve detailed planning or re planning of eac h of the smaller units established in the[...]ral m11enities, and architectural con- trol. The County Centre Dom i nating the whole pattern of local planninf units is the County Centre, occupying the inner core of the City of S[...]roviding the essence of unification for the whole County . Detailed planning of the County Centre , though following the technique of local and county planning, represe nt s an e nt i re l y different problem in the components of the County Scheme. Whereas t.he living areas and industrial area g[...]tion and communal establ ishments are foremost in planning the County Ce ntre. The disposition of these components is n[...], even to the exte nt necessary in ordinary local planning, but rather the adjustment of a delicate piece of[...]tant in t he third dimension as it is spatially. Planning or replanning the Cnunt,y Centre in the first sta[...]. (d) Sectional division of the County Centre - alloca t i on of areas for[...] |
| IMPLEMENT ING THE SCHEME f'age 207. The urgency for the preparation of a detailed scheme for the Caunty Centre cannot be too strongly emph[...]need for the utmost caution in administering the Scheme Ordinance and interim zoning plans (in the absence of a complete detailed scheme). Consider- ation of these interim plans and revi[...]e- of the earliest steps of implementation of the County Scheme. FURTHER COUNTY PLANNING Though the bulk of detailed planning of -land development will be undertaken by local planning authorities, some of it, because of the comprehensive nature of the proposals, must be undertaken by the County Planning Authority. There are also additions to be made to the County Scheme. Further County planning would include - (a) Detailed planning of Green Belt. (b) Attention to matt[...]provision has not been made in the Caunty Scheme. Detailed plannir.g required in the Green Belt embraces areas larger than the local planning unit. It involves, basically, consideration and investiga tion similar to that required in the detailed planning for rural areas generally - the location and deli[...]e great-ly enhanced. Further investigation and , planning on a County scale may also be necessary in con- nect bl with[...]vision for these matters has not been made in the County Scheme in the nature of specific proposals but must remain to be covered in the further planning of the County and subsequent amendment of the Scheme. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTICN Al] of the proposals in the County Plan concerning roads, r ailways, special use and[...]t, minor variations in the locations shown on the County Plan may be necessary. The Scheme Ordinance provides that prior t o construction (i[...]uisition of land ) being undertaken in respect of County roads or railways, details of tre land affected s[...]d in relati on t o the iand shown affected in the Scheme plans as amplified by detailed information obtain[...]s chapter, there are no specific proposals in the County Plan directly involving the actual design and construction of public utiJ ities, nor is the County Planning Authority concerned wit h their ideals of design[...]it h the ot her services. The main concern of the County Planning Authority is that the provisfon of public utilHie[...]in conformity wlth the land-use proposals of the Scheme and with a co-ordinated programme of imple[...] |
| [...]IMPLEMENTrnG rHE SCHEME of new facilities should be carried out until[...]o transro,.t, realisation of the objection of the County Scheme de pe nds a great deal on the replani~ing of pres[...]nts of dispersal and defence. The proposed County road sy stem may gener- ally be regarded as the route network for County road tra nsport, while t he local plan for distri[...]ntial. Acquisition Many of the proposals of the County Scheme which require construction (and thus resumptions[...]any of a number of suitable temporary uses. The County proposal mit;ht also involve more land (gener all[...]ibed, should rest with the Responsible Authority (County Council), and that the land should be held (to be[...]ses, Co- ordination All of the proposals of the County Scheme, and consequently the ir implementation are, to v[...], and so on, Just as the proposals of the Count y Scheme are the result of relating the several needs and[...]n in construction and also i n detailed design or planning, Co-ordination in construction means implementati[...]early stages. Co- ordination in design or detail planning means the conformity i n detail of inter- related proposals. The Scheme provides for co-ordination to be achieved[...] |
| IMPLEMENT ING THE SCHEME Page 2[...]Public Utilities Sewerage County Centre Determining the stages of implementation i[...]areas the phases would be - (a) Local planning (b) Housing (large-scale)[...]d in industrial areas - (a) Detailed planning (b) Acquisition (where necessary)[...]r of importance) only the initial stages of local planning would be attempted. Not all industrial areas or o[...]rogramme of implementation does not accompany the County Scheme, Its preparation, however, should immediately follow approval of the Scheme, and if possible be commenced beforehand, The responsibility for implementation of the County Scheme end for the organisation involved cannot rest with one authority. Just as the preparation of the Scheme itself has been a combined effort based on the co[...]posals of the several authorities responsible for County works and services, so must successful implementaticn of the Scheme d~pend on continued co-ordination. |
| [...]rations of a pr oposal of such wide sc ope as the County Planning Scheme. They must be we'l l conceived and of adequate ra[...]lised,. The first axiom in any analysis of town planning finance is that it costs the community more not t[...]ncreases their cost: many of the proposals in the Scheme c ould have been put into effect 50 or 100 years[...]better utility services, are fore shadowed in the County Plan . Their cost should not be confused with the cost of planning, because t hey will have to be provided in some f[...]ble, whether or not there is a plan. The cost of planning is the cost of preparing the Plan only. While i[...]coverable betterment. The cost of preparing the County Plan is but a small insurance premium to protect County assets - land and improvement valued at £700,00C[...]ey and efficiency offered to the community by the County Pla n may be summarised thus - To the[...]sewerage; greater surety in their own planning of service extensions. To State and F[...]over-all regional plan for an area as vast as the County of Cumberland and containing such a diversity of human e[...] |
| [...]expansibn, manpower and materials become normal. Planning on a regional or County basis has aspects which are national in scope and character, related to the State or County, and .those which are peculiarly local. Therefore[...]ly allocated t o the Commonwealth, the State, the County or the local authority. The stibmissions and reco[...]ble apportionment of the cost of implementing the Scheme. Provision is made also for private enterprise to[...]uraged to undertake development conforming to the Scheme. The major aspects of planning are - (a) Main traffic arteries.[...]roads, railways and other works envisaged in the Scheme will be the responsibility of the Constructing Au[...]ction of such works. MAIN TRAFFIC. ARTERIES The Scheme provides for the construction of the following mo[...]defined on County Plan,) In addition, provision is made for the co[...]121 miles of existing main roads. The City and County motorway system Vlill form pert of the Commonweal[...]ion will arise because of the delineation on the Scheme Map of this new road system, and finance to cover[...]OUSING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUB-STANDARD AREAS The Scheme sets aside living areas sufficient in exte[...] |
| [...]'.!P:ISTRATION and re-housing is vital t o the Scheme. These pr oposals will be restricted to the housing of pers ons displac ed by Scheme planning projects and will only be undertaken by the Respo[...]SIT,ION OF LAND - OPE?l SPACE AND FORESHORES The County Scheme provides for the reservati on of open space and t[...]ch land should be resumed is provided for i n the Scheme. Suc b acquisition shall be carried out ·by and[...]open space and foreshore reservation shown in the County Sci1eme . In addition, h m ever, provision will be made for the ac u isiti on on a County ba sis of area s of less than 15 acres which, although not jnc l uded in the Sche me !v'.ap , are of County significance and form part of the Count y gree n wedge a!!d open space netw ork. · The Scheme does not debar the Responsible Authority fr om gi[...]usefulne ss. Similar pr ov isi on i& made in the Scheme f or the reservation for public use of sel[...] |
| [...]50 85 8,073 ,72 5 The Scheme pr ovides f or the acquisition of ope n s pa ce and f oreshore s to be unde r taken on a County ba s i s by the Responsible Aut hority, and for t[...]ass lsta nce, COMPENSATION The Town and Country Planning Act pr ovi des for the payment of compensation t[...]sion contained in a pre scribed scheme . T~e execution of any wor ks under t he scheme . The imposition of any re[...] |
| [...]RATION ca rrying into effect of the prescribed scheme . Compensation creates a delicate prob lem at the outse t of planning, for the question is to rectify the many errors o[...]licting any inju stice on individuals. While the Scheme wa s in prepar ation , local councils showed relu[...]om pen~a tion . It has become pl ain that t he planning of an area such as the County of Cumberland, in many ways unbalanced in development, must be[...]ted to shoulder the burden. At this stage of the County's growth , c ompensat ion claims will ocour moat[...]failure to face up to this problem resulted i n planning being largely ine ffectual in Great Britain for a[...]sh Gover nme nt ha s now, by the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, assumed financ i al r esponsib i lity for planning. A ce ntral Fund , prov ided by the British Gover[...]ought, has been appli ed in the pr oposals of the Scheme. It must be remembered that the County Plan is overall in scope and is based on County require ments. It affects 1 , 630 square miles an[...]d bette r ment therefore, must be related to t he County as a whole and not to particular areas, because o[...]distribution of the benefits and liab ilities of County planning. Compensaiion will arise from the refusal of an[...]e nt because it contravens the provis ions of the Scheme r~lating to zoning, or beca use the proposed deve[...]railway or othe r works proposal provided in the Scheme. With regard to claims in respect of land[...] |
| [...]result of the reservation of land for some future planning purpose, provision will need to be made to meet t[...]rest in land has been injuriously affected by the Scheme coming into operation is a liability. The amount[...]is' recommended that betterment in respect of the County Scheme shall be paid into the Central Planning Fund administered by the Responsiblr .uthority, a[...]~nsation claims arising f r0 · imp e~ent ing the Scheme, The zoning of land for industrial, residential[...]t the i:,ime of the c oming into operation of the Scheme and the market value of the estate or intere st if the Scheme had not c ome into operation, Any compensation w[...]c ompu lsory acquisition of open space will be by County rate subs-idised by the Gove;irnment. Pri[...] |
| [...], (b) To insert a provision in the Scheme that, where land has become inc[...]e first course would have thrown the whole of the County living area zone out of balance and would have perpetuated aini~ess "sprawl", one of the evils which the Scheme aims to correct. The alternat ive (b) will preserve the planning principles on which the Scheme is based, However, the liability f or the acqu[...]OF LAND FOR REPLANNING Provision is made in the Scheme Ordinance for the acquisition of urban allot- men[...]ide a well-balanced distribution of industry on a county-wide pattern. Much of the land is in residential[...]he land is not for sale in suitable parcels. The County Council has urged constituent councils to underta[...]reluctant t o undertake this important aspect Qf planning implementation. It is also necessary to acquire[...]re out of balance with present building costs. Planning must recognise the obligation to ensure that disp[...]here a property is resumed for the purpose of the Scheme , the owner shall be re-established in a property[...]building costs, where resumption is necessary for planning . The success of planning, and its administration in the best public[...] |
| [...]This development charge would be paid into the County Planning Fund to offset compensation and acquisition costs[...]that the sale of land which has been acquired for planning and resale shall bo excluded from the operations[...]ands are available where necessary ~hroughout the County, it is proposed that the Responsible Authority be[...]or industrial and residential purposes wjthin the County, where deemed necessary, and also where the loc a[...]illing or unable to undertake this function, The Scheme also authorises the Responsible Authority to cont[...]onsible Authority. FINANC IAL PROVISIONS (a) COUNTY PLANNING Fffi'.JlJ That the County Scheme be financed by a County Planning Rate not exceeding ,Jd. in the £ levied on[...]ital Value of a ll rateable land within the County District, reduced by one half in resi--ect of urban farm lands. The County Planning Rate to be subsidised on the basis of .£1.[...]wealth Governments for each £1. raised by way of County Planning Rate. (b) MAIN TRAFFIC ARTERIES, NEW RAIU/AYS,[...]dings and other projects, delineated on tre Scheme map, including compensation for tr.e reservation[...]regarded as an extremely long range aspect of the Scheme, for which special arrangements will need t[...]ming develorment of a minor character. The County Council submits that the planning prorosal in th ;::cheme will benefit[...]d Couunonweal th funds. In r~commending tbat the Scheme be financed partly h,r the J.t:JVY of a County Planning Rate and partly by Commonwealth ani Strite st.' s[...]uncU ·.,as i'lfluenced by the principle that the Scheme h.<Js aspildS l';hi<'h ar"' national in scope and[...]Co111ty and the locality and finance to pu\; the Scheme into effect shculd be accordingly allocated. The County embraces tr·e State car ital, the Commonweal tr'[...]se of overC'ent.rr1Jisatio n and cone;estion. The County Scheme aims to remedy these conditions, to provid[...] |
| [...]entirely from property rating, and to finance the County Scheme in whole ·from this source would impose an unfai[...]l costs of implementing the local schemes. The County Scheme will benefit not merely the property owner but ev[...]al, in addition to ratepayers will benefit by the County Scheme. The method of financi ng the scheme recommended by the Council will ensure that the g[...]of the inevitable first cost of implementing the County Scheme appropriately to the individual, the State and the Commonwealth. COUNTY TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING FUND It is recommended that a County Town and Country Planning Fund be created, to be adminis tered by tte Resro[...]t of any of the purposes of this Scheme; (b) all moneys borrowed in respect of eny of the purposes of this Scheme; (c) the µ-oceeds of any rate levi[...]ct of any of the purp~es of this Scheme and including any rate levied in[...]in pursuance of the Act or this Scheme; (e) all moneys transferred from any othe r fund of the Council to the County Town and Country Planning Fund in respect of any of the purposes of this Scheme. Such County Town and County Planning Fund may be applied to any of the following µrrposes: (a) any of the purr ose s of this Scheme; (b) transfers to any reserves or s[...]for any of the purposes of this Scheme; (c) payment of principal, interest[...]of any of the µ.irposes of this Scheme; (d) any JX.lrpose of the Act or of this Scheme related or incidental or ancillary to town planning or country planning; (e) any purpose authorised by or under this Scheme for the application of the Fund. |
| [...]roads, railways and othE r works envisaged in the Scheme including compensation for the reservatio~ an res[...]re replanning •nd re- h c usi~g is vital to the Scheme. Sue' proposals to be restrict ed to the re- housing of persons displaced by Scheme projects where the local council is unable or unw[...]financed by long te rm l oans repayable from the County Town and Country Planning Fund. Built up, i mpr oved open space and foresho[...]of claims arising from Green Belt zoning. 5. COUNTY RATE. Cost of acquisition of open space, foreshores, green belt compensation and all other planning cost payable by the Responsible Authority to be financed from the proceeds of a County Rate of not exceeding .Jd (three-tenths of one pe[...]mproved Capital Value of all rateable land in the County, (the rate to be one half in respect of urban far[...]e Couunonwealth Government for each £1 raised by County rate. |
| [...]Cl'l:IBERLAND COUNTY F .ANNING SCHEME[...]75 0 ,000 90,181 (b) County Roads ot her than Expressways[...]ESTWATED INCO~ BASED CN COUNTY CCUNCH 1 S m:cot,"'EtIDATICNS character only will[...]Pr oceeds of County Rate 160 ,858 160,[...] |
| CUM THE PLA NNIN G SCHEME FOR THE COU NTY OF CUMBERLAN D NEW SOUTH WALES The Report of the Cumberland County Council to the Hon. J.[...]2 _')52100 CUMBERL AND COUNTY COUNCIL[...] |
| [...]CQUARIE PLACE, SYDNEY Here is the heart of the County-the common ground of age and youth, of his[...] |
| [...]l assistance in the preparation of th e Plann ing Scheme.[...] |
| [...]60 PART III. PLANNING PROPOSALS 9 L1v1 'G AREAS[...]IV. REALISATIO 18 IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME[...]THE CosT OF PREPARING TllE P LANNING SCHEME[...] |
| [...]MAPS AND DIAGRAMS CHAPTER 1-THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND The County and adjoining areas - Facing Page 2 The County -[...]CHAPTER 7-NA TI ON AL PROBLEMS N::itional and County population (Graph) -[...]Foldin g S11pp!e mmt Prin ciples of district planning Page[...]CHAPTER 10- INDUSTRY Factory employment- County ::incl Australia (Graph)[...]., " 136 County open space -[...]" " 186 THE COUNTY PLAN[...] |
| [...]" " 42 Erskineville Housing Scheme " "[...] |
| [...]xm CUMBERLAND COUNTY COUNCIL The Cumberl and County Cou ncil was co nstituted by an amendmen[...]ct in Jul y, 1945, for the purpose of preparing a Planning Sc heme for the County of Cumberland. The municipa lities and shires of the Cou[...] |
| [...]who shared th e responsibilities of preparing the County Planning Scheme. MAIDEN, Herbert E.[...]C!V.ENG.)A.M.INST.C.E., County Clerk[...]Ch ief County Planner TAYLOR. William E.[...].S., M.T.C.P.I.AUST.* Deputy County Clerk Deputy County Planner JUDD, Caldwell W.[...].S., M.T.C.P.I.A UST.* Senior Planning Officer[...]M.I.S.* Sen ior .·lrea Planning Officer[...]Ad ministrat1:011 Planning and Investigation Public Re[...]Liaison and Area Planning RICHARDS, Jean LA.\1ROCK, P[...] |
| [...]PREFACE The Cumberland County Planning Scheme, - herewith presented, represents the first full-[...]effect to the science and art of town and country planning. In the preparation of this Scheme it was necessary to look beyond the County of Cum- berland, to study State and Commonwealth[...]respects it points the need for action beyond the County, to the limits of the Commonwealth. The Scheme is much more than a collection of plans. It is a[...]upon the ground. We feel that it is a commonsense scheme, practical in its economics and finance.[...]efits for all. The Government charged the Cumberland County Council with the preparation of this Scheme within three years from 27th Jul y, 1945. In comp[...]ewarded if I may see the early realisation of the Scheme. No praise for the work of the staff can b[...]labours have made possible the production of the Scheme in the record working time of two years at a cost[...]e contributed largely and effectively to make the Scheme the first overall proposal for the practical and economic co-ordination of future public works involving County land use. |
| [...]from private citizens. If the Cumberla nd County Council has been the producer of the Scheme, all the authori- ties nam ed-and the people-h ave been joint collaborat ors. The Scheme may therefore[...]istoric task completed , the Council presents the Scheme to the Governm ent, in th e belief that Parliamen t, as makers of the Town and Country Planning Act, will neither delay nor falter in affirming the Ordinanc e and so give the Scheme value and meaning. Thus the way will be opened fo[...]Cumberla nd County Council. 27th July, 1948. |
| [...]SSIGNMENT The Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act, 1945, gave local government the r[...]l and economic betterment of the people. In the County of Cumberland (which embraces Sydney, Australia's largest city) the task was entrusted to the Cumberland County Council, which the legislation called into existence for the purpose of prepar- ing this Scheme for the guidance and control of future development within the County. In presenting the Scheme to the Government and Parliament of New South Wales, the Cumberland County Council believes that it is making a constructive[...]ny pressing problems, and that realisation of the Scheme will prevent the emergence of many other problems[...]ion of major social and economic problems through planning depends for success upon the people's recognition[...]ill M.L.A., when he told the inaugural meeting of Cumberland County Council on 13th November 1945 - "It is important that the scheme which the County Council will prepare should be both underst[...]ls will be facilitated, as the preparation of the Scheme advances, by short explanatory articles in[...]Particular care should be taken to show that the scheme is a considered measure for the welfare of[...]el that it is, as it is intended to be, their own scheme, and that the County Council is merely the instrument placed in their hands for giving shape to the scheme. I stress this, because it is the whole ba[...]nment's legisla- tion that town and country planning shall be as democratic as it is possible to make it, and that the people shall join in the planning to the greatest possible extent, under skil[...]le will not tolerate, and we will not have, planning imposed from above, without regard to the people's own.hopes and desires." The County Scheme recognises the aspirations of the people. The[...]imit imposed by statute for the completion of the Scheme restricted the investigation and analysis of all[...]absolute essentials. Efficient realisation of the Scheme requires that more exhaustive and detailed study of many planning problems should follow. The County Scheme should therefore be regarded as the preliminary p[...]tion of the Council The inaugural meeting of the Cumberland County Council was held in the New South Wales Go[...] |
| [...]hairman and Mr. W. E. Taylor was appointed Acting County Clerk. Eight days later, on 21st November 1945,[...]be paid; an estimate of the cost of preparing the Scheme and the contributions required from each constitu[...]Interim Plan represented a new technique in Town Planning and resulted in freeing the administrations of th[...]Council called applications for the positions of County Clerk, Chief County Planner and other staff appointments and the first appointments made were County Clerk (Mr. H.E. Maiden) and Chief County Planner (Mr. S.L. Luker) with three stenographers[...]ent room was secured in Wynyard Station where the Cumberland County Council commenced to b~ild up its organisation.[...]s to all councils to explain the functions of the County Cotmcil, its method of co-operation and the gener[...]th constituent councils. At the sane time, Area Planning Officers commenced regular visits to local counci[...]with the Town Clerks and techni- cal officers on planning problems, and arranejng for the submission to the County Council of maps setting out existing land use, residential districts and local planning proposals which formed the basis of the tentative[...](Interim Development Control) to the whole of the County 0,f Cumberland. Council's administrative policy has its roots in the local government system. The elected delegates to the County Council, aD experienced Aldermen or Shire Council[...]ed invaluable in framing the policy of democratic planning. The policy aimed at the expeditious and economi[...]avoiding the dangers of restrictive and negative planning. |
| [...]appreciation of the effect of all aspects of the Scheme upon the lives of the people in whose interest the task of planning had been undertaken.[...]The Act The Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act 1945 provided for the insertion of[...]provides for the preparation of town and country planning schemes by municipal and shire councils and for the constitution of the Cumberland County Council for the preparation and sutmission to the[...]accordance with the provision of Part XIIA, of a scheme in respect of all land within the County District. Constitution of the Council The Cumberland County District was constituted by Gazette No. 78, 27th[...]the exception of the City of Sydney combined into County elec- torates, each to be represented by one dele[...]gation of Powers The delegation of powers to the Cumberland County CounciJ was notified by Gazette No. 120, 9th Nove[...]r the preparation and submission of the scheme referred to in section 342 AB of the aforesaid Act, as amended, which scheme shall, to the extent necess- ary to provide for the needs of the said County District as a whole and not of particul[...]se of any work or service or any object which the Cumberland County Council is authorised by law to construct,[...] |
| [...]eys so borrowed. For the purpose only of the Cumberland County Council 8Xercising the powers or performing the d[...]th the like advice hereby further delegate to the Cumberland County Council the power to exercise or perform for the benefit of the Cumberland County District (but subject to the operation of the pro[...]n shall not prevent the Councils concerned in the Cumberland County District from exercising the same powers in relat[...]ns other than those specifically delegated to the Cumberland County Council in paragraph (a) above. 11 |
| [...]they learnt to walk, the games COUNTY OF they played as childr[...]food they ate, the schools they CUMBERLAND attended, the sports the[...]Somerset Maugham This is a planning scheme for a vital and prosperous regi on, for the secon[...]illion people. It all the primaeval beauty of the County had been retained, or if all develop- ment had been wise and far-sighted, a planning scheme would not now be necessary. Sydney, in conunon wi[...]serve the intangible spirit of its subject. The County of Cumberland, with a recorded history of only 160 years, has n[...]acter of the old world, yet to those who know the County, its colourful story is real and valuable, just as the spirit of the region to-day is a vibrant force. This scheme for the County of Cumberland is intended to supplement - but not to supplant -[...]"As it is necessary in Public Acts to name the County, I named it Cumberland and fixed its boundaries by Carmarthen and[...]st part of Botany Bay to the southward." Thus the County of Cumberland is the oldest defined region in Australia. Wh[...]the general extent and physical character of the County remained. Covering 1 1 630 square miles,[...] |
| [...]Tlr:Z ,:;orn'.i'Y OF Cl.JTBERLAND The County of to-day is centred on the Cumberland Plain, rising to eroded up- lands in the north an[...]a vast store of coal, which surfaces outside the County, but within easy reach. The Hawkesbury River (\.l[...]ributaries and the Ocean, forms almost the entire County boundary) is now the only notable stream, the oth[...]ettlers labour shortages were forgotten and the County began its great development as an administrative[...]llion - and there were 430 1 000 in the Cotmty of Cumberland. Until this time communities had develope[...] |
| [...]i / THE COUNTY[...]LEGEND SEA-LEVEL-1000 FEET COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND BOUNDARY ......... ... SHOWN THUS[...]-·- -· - 1000 FEET-2000 FEET COUNTY BOUNDARIES ..... ........ ........... ..SH[...] |
| THE COUNTY OF CUNBERLAND[...]rn the whole Australian colony, the centre of the County, and still later the clearing-house for the State[...]hts and depressions left no permanent scar on the County, and despite the transfer of many administrative[...]Fill'ICTI ONS AND I NFLUENCE OF THE COUNTY The County of to-day contains 1,702,000 people - 57 per cent[...]the Hetropolis contains almost 90 per cent of the County population. It is the capital of New South Wale[...]'s air- lines. The industrial development of the County is due mainly to the lack of other good ports and[...]re the coal regions to the north and south of the County where iron, steel and associ3.ted industries have[...]or serviced from Sydney. The other to1ms of the County, though al11ost as old, lost most of their[...] |
| Page 4 THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND at Liverpool, St. Mary's and Riverstone, however, and with further dispersal of County industry the improvement of many rural towns shou[...]eat belt of sandstone plateaux which encloses the Cumberland Plain is rugged and mainly sterile, and its econo[...]on the Metropolis. By nature and development the County of Cumberland is aJJnost a perfect planning region. Despite sone slight deviations, particu[...]nctional unity. While it seems a departure from planning principles to place the boundary of a region alon[...]roken country beyond the Nepean. The size of the County, the diversity of its resources and activities en[...]unity of social and traditional interests in the County is strong, despite its large population. These[...]ablish its suitability as the subject of a single planning task. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND PLANNING The first attempts to plan Sydney followed imme[...]ring the period before the Industrial Revolution, planning was being attempted in some towns, notably[...] |
| [...]with separate powers, had taken over nany of the County's fun.::! tions . Following the collapse of p[...]ion uni ts and provided for the establislunent of County Councils (for specific purposes) and for Urban Co[...]ry towns. Until the creation of Town and Country Planning Authorities in 1945, the local government system,[...]attention. The defects e xis~ing throughout the County are le gacies of a system which perpetuated an ex[...]y development. Since the introduction of a town planning division in the Local Government Act many local government bodies have been engaged in earnest planning of their areas. The value of their activities,[...]development. Thus the position arose where the "planning" of an area was largely carried out by lan[...] |
| Page 6 THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND The Department of Ma::.n Roads has had power since its inception to construct roads through the County, but neither the Department nor a Council concern[...]erence to the need for research into modern to,~1 planning methods and requirements. Councils, feari ng encr[...]e s ervices, duplication of research and abortive planning, the public has been obliged to bear the expense[...]that system is the most vital social need of the County. The eed for Co-ordination Co-ordinati on , f[...]Nothing but the implementation of co-ordinated planning can recapture the people's enthusiasm and confidence. Regional planning involves the widest possible exar1ination of the[...]reluctant to subscribe to the needs of r egional planning . Not only will the over-all pattern suffer a[...]cils. It is t he fcricti on of tO\m an'l country planning to arm authorities with the means to en'lo[...] |
| [...]THE COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND RAILWAYS[...] |
| THE COUNTY OP CUNBERLAND[...]when the chance will arise again, and by then the planning task will have become inun.easurably more difficult and costly. Planning of the County must not only take into account its resources and[...]in timed stages. The existence of an impressive County Plan should not mislead the public into beHeving[...]as a unit would be wasted. The presentation of a planning scheme at this particular time has been questioned on se[...]lar reactions have strangled previous attempts at planning in this County. The first quality required of government and[...]ed than that of London where the new plan for the County was evolved in the days of greatest trouble. The Cumberland planning scheme will, naturally, be a broad one, but it will prov[...]costly mistakes while a more precise and detailed scheme is being prepared. Such a plan, in avoiding deta[...]owers are necessary to co-ordinate control. This scheme transcends any previous attempt to find a[...] |
| [...]work? PLANNING TASK Let us raise[...]act to make better provision for town and country planning" was passed. Many factors combined to inspire thi[...]ntial, industrial and traffic development. Bold planning, which had once been regarded as a luxurious expe[...]task or powers and consequently achieved little. Planning in the County of Cumberland has, therefore, a background of futility and defeat. Most plans were too ambitious or related planning to the demands of cormnerce and the glorification[...]ILITIES The Act of 1945 provides for the future planning of all Municipalities and Shires in the State. It also requires that the Cumberland County Council should prepare and submit to the Minister for Local Government, within three years, a scheme in res pect of all land within the County District. The prescribed powers of t he Council, with regard to the preparation of this scheme , can best be summarised in three categories:- (i) Planning. (ii) Administration (including the[...] |
| [...]Although the Act required t hat the Ctunberlanrl County Scheme shoul:i be completed in three years, many factors[...]n over-all character, relying on subsequent local planning to work out details. This objective has been achi[...]cy which inevitably follows the submission of any planning scheme. NATURE OF THE SCHEME Within the scope of the Act and Ordinance the Council has interpreted its task as a regional planning scheme. Ordinance 104 of the Act states that the Scheme shall include provision only for certain matters "to the extent necessary to provide for the needs of the County District as a whole and not of particular Municip[...]e latter makes no specific reference to regi onal planning. However, it provides the County Council with adequate powers for regional planning, even though these provisions have been superimpo[...]neral framework which provides primarily for town planning. As indicated in the ;,Jrevious chapter, the County of Cumberland complies generally with the definition of a regio[...]e Council has interpreted its task as a re gional planning scheme, certain factors relating to the importance and characteristics of the County and to the general attitude towards planning have required special consideration. These fa[...]uences. (b) Attitude of the public towards planning. (c) Framework for local planning. NATIONAL AND STATE INFLUENCES The role of the County of CiJmberland as an inte gral part of the Common[...]rtant than that of any area in Australia. The County's popul ation of 1,702,000, dominated by Sydney's[...]ents 23 per cent of the national population. The County has a predominant influence on the State of New S[...]e developQent of coal and metals lies outside the County boundarie s. It follows that the County must be planned in logical relationship with the State and the N.a tion and the Scheme must take into account the major influences resul[...]onweal th and State policy. Firstly, trends in County population are closely related to those of[...] |
| [...]THE PLANNING TASK primary and se condary industrie s i s dep[...]es touche s not only industrial employment in the County, but also the Port of Sydney and associated comme[...]y. So importar.1t are these influences that t he planning of any regi on subject to them must not only be r[...]s i s especially true of a vital area such as the County of Cumberland which wil l reflect every change in the condition[...]of government policies is an es sential basis of County planning . Naturally, s ome such policies are vague and t[...]ll exist a need for a corresponding change in the Scheme. This means that, while deductions and projection[...]cies may be accurate, the ultimate success of the Scheme can emerge only on implementation. In those a s[...]despite the most scientific, bold and imaginative planning for the future, des- pite any assessment of trend[...]to forecast the future of world peace. Short of planning for mass decentralisati on from the County, which only national policy could dictate, and short of a wide dispersal of population throughout the County which defence consider ations alone could justify, the County Council has had const ant r egard to the pra ctic[...]extent t o which they could be applied within the County. Beyond the se imtlediate provisions it is not c[...]THE ATTITUDE OF THE PUBLI C TOWARDS PLANNING The Town and Country Planning provisions of the Act, in keeping with the spirit[...]e whole f abric of Local Government, implies that planning will be a democratic proces s. This a ppl ie s e qual ly to County and local planning. No other factor could affect the success of the Scheme as vital ly as the attitude of the people. Plannine on the scale undertaken for t he County of Cumberland is without precedent in Australia. The Scheme has been prepared out of public funds and must be[...]nce, which is likely to affect all that is in the County and all who live in i t, must not be brought abou[...]n depends upon an understanding of the purpose of planning, of the urgent need for the proposed changes and[...]efore, are essential accompaniments of democratic planning. The Cumberland County Council recognises that , in order t o r e[...] |
| [...]11 vall.:.able as a gradual app1ication of planning principles and requirements. Irrespective of any movement towards education of the public, however, the scheme must eventually resolve itself into those proposa[...]in PCJ.rliament itself. The public acceptance of planning will increase as its purpose is ful1y und er- sto[...]In any case, one of the greatest contributions of planning wilJ already have been made in the stimulation of[...]FRAMEWORK FOR LOCAL PLANNING The ideal unit for local planning is obviously one in which there is complete commu[...]rk and play in harmony, and the whole purpose of planning such an area is to provide better conditions for[...]aries define the whole unit. Although a regional scheme is not concerned with the details of loca.l planning, it is vitally concerned with the framework for al:L local schemes. The Act constituting the Cumberland County Co1mcil provides for all local plans to conform to the County Plan. Local planning can, therefore, be regarded as the implementation[...]Cmmty Council in deciding the relationship of the Scheme to local areas. Apart from the provisions in respect of the County of Cumberland in particular, it provides that any number of Councils may combine to form a joint authority. Local planning, if it is to be effective, must be based on these planning units, defined in such a way that planning can easily be related to both the units themselve[...]of adjoining areas is made known by the over-all scheme, thus providing the framework for detailed inter-[...]ween adjoining areas. Logically, therefore, the County Scheme provides a pattern of local units or districts capable of separate detailed planning. PERIOD OF THE SCHEME The period for which the County Scheme provides has been treated in two separate parts:- 1. The Statutory Scheme The first twenty-five years to 197[...]be foreseen fairly accurately, conditions in the County are unlikely (short of catastrophes[...]s have been assumed as the basis of planning. 2. The Ultimate Scheme A further period of twenty-[...] |
| [...]policies can be expected to emerge. Planning for this second period is naturally subject to[...]conjectural element. Naturally, during the first planning period, conditions will arise which will affect t[...]for periodical review of the plan by a competent planning authority. OBJECTS OF THE SCHEME From a review of the nature and extent of the County, and the significance and causes of the condition[...]ted, it is possible to set out the objects of the Scheme. Essentially the achievement of these objects s[...]l background, as well as for the retention of the County's high place in national affairs. The broad objects which have guided the preparation of the Scheme can be stated:- (a) To plan the County as a region - and one which (since it embraces[...]e beauty and natural resources of the County. (c) Within the scope of town and country planning to provide the people of the County with the best conditions of living, working and[...]ing of industry and commerce within the County. (e) To provide for the developments resulting from changes in the County's population and functions and for the redevelopm[...](f) To provide a framework for local and detailed planning. (g) To produce a plan acceptable to an en[...]authorities r esponsible for facilitating the County's developnent. |
| [...]question is not whether you should PLANNING POLICY resist change w[...]icy and technique to be followed in preparing the County Scheme, it was natural that they'should seek guidance fr[...]seas planners. But almost all reports on overseas planning projects concentrated on the plans that had emerg[...]ether the plan is a sound one in this regard. A planning authority should be able to show that, apart from[...]llowed in preparing this Plan for the Coi.lnty of Cumberland. MAIN FEATURES OF PREPARA[...]nd complexity of the task, the preparation of the Scheme involved much more than mere planning, with consequent investigation and analysis. The County included 68 local Councils and many central authorities, all vitally concerned with the developnent of the County. This consideration involved special organisation and technique, especially since the County Council had determined two fundamental policies - the one, to complete pre- paration of the Scheme within the statutory period (by 27th July, 1948);[...]f the organisation adopted for preparation of the Scheme were:- (a) Interim Development Control.[...]. (c) Liaison and Consultation. (d) Planning and Investigation. Although these features were[...]EVELOPMENT CONTROL From 12th July 1946, when the County Council became the County planning authority, all land within the County became subject to interim developnent cont[...] |
| [...]AND T ECJnJIC~UE exercised by the Cun!berhnd County Council jointly with the com1cil of the area in w[...]lcations, not only between the council::; and the County Council, but with any Government Depart- ments or[...]o be affected by the development. Obviously, the County Council cou1d not deal with every application by[...]to the implementation of what must be a technical scheme. Plans prepared behind locked doors have rarely[...]final success of the Plan. The Town and Country Planning Act itself anticipated this need, firstly by making members of the public eligible to sit on local Planning Cormnittees, and secondly by requiring exhibition of the County Scheme and supporting maps for public examination and co[...]ation to the Minister for Local Governnent. The Cumberland County Council, accepting the demo- cratic principles of[...]nformed on proposals and decisions throughout the planning period. The first function of this section was t[...]and by exhibition , the stage development of the County Scheme has been presented and explained to all those int[...], therefore, has been responsible for keeping the County Council informed on current thought and co!IlI:lent on planning proposals. Two principles, then, guided the Coun[...]nt powers and in the course of preparation of the Scheme. A special staff was appointed to consult regula[...]development control but to secure appreciation of County planning principles and proposals and to bring forward any local suggestions or proposals of County significance. Although this liaison was t[...] |
| [...]Page 15 the County Council ancl the local council, there were many occasions, especially in the later stages of planning, when it was augmented by direct consultation between the local planning officer and senior officers of the County Council. In addition, formal consultation took p[...]s at frequent intervals during preparation of the Scheme and upon its completion. For liaison with Govern[...]re appointed from the Council's investigation and planning staffs. These officers were responsible for lia[...]a series of consultations began between the Chief County Planner and senior technical officers of the depa[...]t mi~ht be reached on the basic principles of the Scheme. This was followed by a series of technical consultations on the actual proposals of the Scheme, cuJninating in formal . discussions between the Chairman of the County Council and the Heads of each Departnent . The Council published a series of planning bulletins, written to bring before other authorities those planning principles which were affecting the course of the Scheme. Circulation of these bulletins was generally l[...]d . PUNNING AND INVESTIGATION The merit of any planning scheme for a region of established population and extens[...]technique adopted, both in the preparation of the Scheme and in its implementation. For instance, the technique which would be used for the planning of an entirely undeveloped region, where the plan[...]e community and the Plan must suffer. Successful planning of a developed area depends on the degree of reco[...]a whole. These considerations were the basis of planning for the County of Cumberland. Satisfactory featu~es of existing development we[...]f plans during the period of prepara- tion of the Scheme:- (a) Interim Plans. (b) T[...] |
| [...]act ory rl.evelopment unlikely to be affected by County pl anning. The f irs t In"teri m Plan wils introd[...]d on a rapid. survey of exist ing land use in the County. When the second. Interim Plan was introduced in[...]a more detailed i nvestigati on had been made of County problems and tentative planning proposals were being formulated . By this time[...]attempts could. be made to restore order. As the Scheme pro ~ressed, amendments were[...]local douncils. Finally, just before the County Scheme wa s submitted, a S[...]elopnent until the Scheme becomes operative. The Ftmctional Plan While th[...]mmediate development, atten- tion wa s turned t o planning for the future - the actual preparation of the Scheme. Planning a region such a s t his County, which provided for all the functions of its larg[...]f the existing distribution of development in the County. The plan was by no means precise in detail, bu[...]ic pattern on the topographical background of the County, illustrating the major principles on which the s[...]ibution was based. It was gradually modified as planning studies progressed, and is submitted in complete form in support of the Scheme. The Statutory Plan The second phase of planning was to apply the functional outline to the physical structure of the County. In doing so it was necessary to recognise the[...]to pl anr.ine for the re qU.::.r en•cmts of the County a s a whole . 2. Tr e [;eneraJ p[...] |
| PLANNING POLICY AND TECHNIQUE[...]trolling developnent, the Act prescribed that the County Plan must be a statutory plannine scheme - a complete legal document for the con[...]t recognises that great changes must occur in the County of to-day, that some semblance of order must be d[...]tage of more detailed investigation, a wider town-planning experience and the new solutions which are certain to appear. The Ultimate Plan The fact that the Statutory Scheme needs to contain an element of compromise (recognising the probable effects of the sharp impacts of bold planning ideas on an unprepared community) does not imply[...]ility, and when the community, more accustomed to planning and its effects, can be expected to be fully rece[...]ot be regarded as final, but rather as a stage of planning, intended to consolidate existing satisfactory fe[...]bly be rectified within the period of a statutory scheme. There are others for which the County Council could not provide until it had the guidan[...]s and, because it is important that the Statutory Scheme should blend gradually into the bolder conception[...]ith the functional and statutory phases of Cotmty planning, but the Ultimate Plan, which depends larg[...] |
| [...]applied to the entire physioal foundation of the County, the material that can be extracted from it and i[...]g human activity. The extractive quality of the County's natural resources is not outstanding but what i[...]ysical features. Principal Physical Features The County's physical structure and its foremost characteris[...]land widening out almost to the full width of the County in one section to break the cont~nuity of the pla[...]s and the wa:y the principal watercourse s of the County find their way through them to the sea, forming d[...]aries, often known as drowned river valleys. The Cumberland Plain on the other hand is comparative ly fertile[...]exposed only on the Illawarra Plain south of the County and otherwise lie at a great depth, in places as[...]The Narra- been Series is not exposed within the County except in deep ravines. The Hawkesbury Series[...]g part of the Plateau and almost the whole of the Cumberland Plain, the Wiannamatta Series is composed, in thr[...]t. CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT In the County's uplands and lowlands is a variety of lim[...] |
| [...]l highland. Actually this characteristic of the County's plateaux was lost in the erosion of the soft Wi[...]n mere mention. Port Jackson is undoubtedly the County's most precious natural asset. It is, in fact, Sy[...]nt and its present importance - the axis on which planning of the County must hinge. The other similar formation[...] |
| [...]s a building stone. The coal deposits within the County lie at too great a depth for economic |
| [...]in the brok e n platea ux. 20. The undulating Cumberland Pl ain near l ngleburn. atural forest[...] |
| [...]Rab.ting the above describe<! characteristics to planning , it can be s aid that the Pl~teaux do not offer scope for unlimited development . They possess some of the County's most vital assets - assets which would confer g[...]only where they merge into lowlands either in the Cumberland Plain or the nunerous small coastal flats. Perhaps their most sieni f icant characteristic, from a planning point of view, apart from their natural resources[...]e coastal lowlands, while it includes mucn of the County's best natural scenery. However, the North Sh[...]ver and Port Hacking give it a large share of the County's scenic beauty. The Cumberland Plain The Cumberland Pla~n, its even profile and gentle slopes contras[...]River) gives the central coaste.l portion of the County a variety in physical structure unrivalled[...] |
| [...]land is available, as is the case throughout the Cumberland Plain, residential development on the watercourse[...]The somewhat peculiar physical forr.1ation of the County, with lowlands separated from the coast bJ[...] |
| [...]2~ TO 5% COUNTY OF 5 TO IQ% CUMBERLAND OVER 10'/.[...] |
| [...]0FT. COUNTY OF 300 - 500FT. CUMBERLAND I Boo - gooFT. I I goo -1200FT.[...] |
| [...]ricted length and catchment of most rivers in the County render them unsuitable as major sources of water[...]ary production. However, severa l parts of the Cumberland Plain have subterranean water suitable for farmin[...]the generous manner in which the lowlands of the Cumberland Plain lend themselves to economic and diverse dev[...]t barrier to excessive utilisation; on the Plain, planning requires s otmd judg- ment and careful analysis o[...]the Plain As regards scope for development, the Cumberland Plain is nore generally suit- able than the Plateaux, but from the point of view of planning, it has a dis- advantage in that evenness replace[...]d occurrence of winds are the same over the whole County although, in many parts of the Plateaux, high rid[...]blowing fron the sea. On t he other hand, the Cumberland Plain is generally exposed to the full blast of t[...]nd to 28 inches along the western boundary of the County. Information concerning temperature and h[...] |
| [...]atellite settlements in the inland section of the Cumberland Plain as it is obvious that atmospheric condition[...]erefore desirable for residential purposes. THE COUNTY AS A NATURAL REGION Outside the Comity, to the we[...]Plateau widens out towards the south. Thus the County is a pocket of relatively low upland and undulati[...]ren, inhospitable country. The land-forms of the County - the dissected sandstone Plateaux with Wiana- ma[...]gion. As already mentioned in Chapter I, the County is almost co-extensive ../i th a geological unit[...]proportion of its length does the boundary of the County depart materially from this natural regional boun[...]cally to the Wollongong Region is included in the County; where the alluvial flats of Camden, \Jest of the Nepean, and the southward extremity of the Cumberland Plain towards Pj_cton extend beyond the ColUlty b[...]nctional needs. The self-contained nature of the County is further enhanced by the economic value of its[...]omprehensive farming pattern. The region and the County, then, are virtually one area, distinguish[...] |
| [...]John Ruskin Town and country planning, however deeply it is rooted in the lives of the[...]the wisest use of all land. The land-use of the County of Cumberland is almost entirely governed by the functions and[...]tification would be needed for the existence of a County Plan. PAST DEVELOPMENT Settlement Land-use in the County is primarily the result of events of the later ye[...]e colonists have left an indelible pattern on the County's development. The early settlers soon pu[...] |
| [...]bably the most attractive residential area in the County, was the preserve of the wealthy. Communi[...] |
| [...]has ~l so br ot!Pht about a new interest in town planning . mhe CountyCounty \.JerP. r esponsible for ra; . ..i. ~ G'!t[...] |
| [...]COUNTY OF - Ma1o r Parklands c Reserves CUMBERLAND Major O.ural I nstdut1on[...] |
| [...]e road to Bathurst in 1815, the population of the County's rural areas began to drain away . Though the l[...]merce was not shared by the outlying towns of the County, there were sti ll reasons f or t heir continued[...]e South Coast Railway. Although the soils of the Cumberland Plain were poor, the surrounding sandstone platea[...]stances led to intensive farming practices in the County, particularly in the rural-urban frinee, where pr[...]s. The convergence of country railways made the County also suitable for Agricultural Colleges and other[...]y was virtually unknown in the rural areas of the County until the establisl:unent of meatworks at Riverst[...]THE PRESENT The urban area of the County now extends over 200 square miles - strung along[...]er of the total urban area. Dominating the whole County, the City of Sydney, together with its immediatel[...]al, administrative and industrial activity of the County, and many of its institutions and educational and[...]core the road and rail systems extend through the County to other parts of the State. The remainde[...] |
| [...]ply catchment area in the southern portion of the County. Settlement in the remainder is generally con[...]LUENCE OF TRANSPORT Probably no influence on the County's development has been greater than that of trans[...]erry services, carrying that large section of the County's population which enters the City each day. The[...]own simultaneously with the centralisation of the County's industrial and commercial activities and each h[...]only point of attraction. In the whole of the County railway system the only circumferential link is t[...]on recognition of the varying func t i ons of the County 's transport. THE CITY The inf l uence of the City extends far beyond the County. In many respects the small area of appro[...]d Art Galleries serve the State as we l l a s the County. The Port of Sydney is the "clearing h[...] |
| [...]ity, then, rather than the whole of Sydney or the County, is the capital of the State. The City has a second function, however, as the centre of the County. Many of the government departments are concerned primarily with County affairs. Public utility bodies such as the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board and the Sydney County Council, as well as the central hospitals and other institutions, confine their activities solely to the County. The retail section is probably the City's most important County activity. It is characterised by many large de[...]City are clear - it is the State Capital and the County Centre. It cannot accept more without prejudic[...]clearing away of such intrusions as the result of planning will therefore not cause the City's importance to[...]ions of the City. INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATION The County's industrial development does not arise from loca[...]of raw materials. A second great factor is the County population, nearly a quarter of the Austra[...] |
| [...]s; in 1945 only 20 of the 10,500 factories in the County employed more than 1, 000 workers each . The Ale[...]is the greatest concentration of industry in the County, empl oying over 70 , 000 workers. Here[...]nds on skilled labour drawn from all parts of the County, has become a matter of habit, largely dictat ed[...]n of Waterloo-Alexandria, are located most of the County's industries associated with slaughtering - tanne[...]s, fell.mongering and gelatine. Nowher e in the County are the requirements of these industries better s[...]small concentrations of indust r y throughout the County, it is evident from employment figures tha[...] |
| [...]possib le o nl y by drastic clear:-ince and re-planning. 32. The more comfortable homes of the[...] |
| [...]nduntry. THE LIVING AREAS In the centre of the County transport systen the bulk of the working populati[...]e location for modern high-density housing in the County than at Paddington , but the task of redev[...] |
| [...]of consolidati on. A.most alJ of he areas of U:e County now subject to housing deve lopment have the basi[...]f the City ca..rinot be disputed . However, the County's 50 square r:i.iles of scattered urban fringe, o[...]City is the outcor1e of the rl.ew3loproent of the County and State rural lands and that it is not tho rura[...]s enhanced br the geographic8 .l isolation of the County. Nearly one-fifth of the Coun"':.y is hel:i in l[...]of aerodromes, ca~nps and train:'..ne areas . The County's na~ive scenic beauty has been preserved[...] |
| [...]ceful informality of Nature. RECCGNITION OF THE COUNTY'S FUNCTIONS An outline of defects inevitably ten[...]what gloomy picture. Perhaps it is because of the County'a many excellent features - its glorious setting,[...]ing conclusion that can be drawn from analysis of County development is that the present unsatisfactory co[...]y functions of develop- ment. The defects of the County can be remedied, but only when land is withheld f[...]City land to the needs of the whole State and the County, the development of true urban districts~ each wi[...]rks and services of future authorit ies, detailed planning could begin with confidence and advantage. |
| [...]Census, there were 1,702,567 people living in the County of Cumber- land. At the same time, it was estim[...]ed to the establishment of new settlements on the Cumberland Plain. Rose Hill (Parramatta) was founded in 17[...]ppin 1,691 Total County of Cumberland 25,145 The most significant feature of this[...]by 1846 the poptllation of the rural areas of the County was little more than half that of Sydney. By 184[...]d from the middle of the century the stor; of the County's population growth became mainly one of suburban[...]ad the metropolitan area exceeded the rest of the County's population, but the suburban areas now h[...] |
| COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND \___~[...] |
| [...]eCampbellt w n COUNTY OF CUMBERIAND[...] |
| [...]ilding returns. Of all dwellings erected in the County during the year ended June 1947, 40 per cent were[...]varying building codes. From 1921 to 1947, the County population increased by 60 per cent from 1,061,00[...]roximately 100 per cent in the remainder of the County. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION Of the County's population of 1,702,000, according to the 1947[...]sulted in the concentration of 75 per cent of the County's population between Port Jackson and George's Ri[...]late the population densities of all parts of the County. "Density", as used in this chapter, re[...] |
| [...]ation of 100,000 is spread fairly evenly over the Cumberland Plain, except for the 10,000 along the Illawarra Railway (mainly in Austinmer and Thirroul). Even on the Cumberland Plain there are no great concentrations; populati[...]wth and present densities in various parts of the County - TAB[...] |
| [...]COUNTY OF[...] |
| [...]such as ar e t aken into account in determininf, planning densities (Chapter 9) .[...]re 6JO,OOO people gainfully en'.Jloyed .:. n t he County at that t ime . Classification of their[...] |
| [...]45, the location of the employment sources in the County. The r e sults of the various surveys are i n[...]nships between employee and employment within the County. The location and classification of factory empl[...]al area. No less than three-quart ers of the County's factory employees (182, 000 pP~sons ) were foun[...]factory workers) is spread over t he rest of the County, a vast area which houses 60 per cent, or 1,020,000 of the County 's population . The main employment concentrati[...]85,132 24,750 245,757 Percentage of County Total 55.3% 3[...] |
| [...]The renainirte 33 are scattered throughout the County. Thns , not cn1y do the large factories employ over half the County's factory 1-1or:rnrs but U:.rce - c:;,uarters of[...]HorLe rs, ccr.:prisint; almost 70 per cent of the County's factory enr.JloyrJ.en t , are in t he central a[...](11-100 employees) are distributed throughout the County gene re.JJ ~r in r;,uch the sar.:e proportion a s[...]l areas and employ only l t per cent of the total County factory employment. Small establishments are p[...]gr eatest numbers of enployees; of the 412 in the County, 169 are Metals, 79 Cloth and 53 Food . The numb[...]Employment Percentage - County Earthen Froduct s 9,57[...]in confor mity with the population pattern of the County, this being due l ar gely to the widesprea[...] |
| [...]per cent of total white-collar employment in the County. SEX COMPOSITION OF EMPLO~NT For the State a[...]gher. Similar figures are not available for the County of Cumberland, but it is probable that the increase in the County's female employment is even greater, because most[...]State's factory employment has taken place in the County. Female employment constitutes one-third of the total working force of the County. Of all female employees, almost half ar[...] |
| [...]The degree of centralisation which obtains in the County has already been expressed in terms of land use a[...]and working in the various municipal areas of the County. It must also be remembered that this l[...] |
| [...]COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND POPULATIO N 0[...]TO TOTAL RESIDENT POPULATION Of COUNTY. COUNTY TOTAL ·--·--. A[...] |
| [...]5 9.5 21.5 14.0 65 11 COUNTY TOTAL 250.0 250.0 380.0 380.0[...]gest factory class, employin g 40 per cent of the County factory workers , lack of balance occurs in all a[...]second largest , employin g nearly one-fif th of County ~actory workers , shows concent ration in the Cit[...]County' s |
| [...]4. POPULATION PROJECTIONS Since the County contains a large proportion of Australia's popula[...]ion's population is likely to be reflected in the County, projection of future population has been ba sed on the ratio of the County's population to t hat of Australia at the latter's estimated peak. The County is expected to contai n 25 per cent of Australia'[...]overseas migration will be 30,000 per annum, the County population in 1972 will be 2,227,000 and w[...] |
| [...]HPLOYHENT POPlJIJ,TI UIJ PHOJ ~GTI OIJ FOi1 l'HL COUNTY OF Clil' IBERWJD It has already been shown that the proportion of /\ustralians livjng in the County rose from 9.8 per cent in lg71 to 22.5 per cent j[...]per cent, unless effective steps on a na ti onal planning level are taken to decentralise both population a[...]TABLE VII The County Projection - Sut1mary Australia[...]\ County of Cumberland At 25~ of Australia[...] |
| [...]tated that the working population resijing in the County in 1972 may total 950,000. This estimate[...] |
| [...]2. The estimate for County 0 40 -49[...]of CumberlandCumberland to Australia[...] |
| [...]ly been carried out as a summation for the 'Whole County . By a subtraction of the projected range of f[...]projected populati on and empl oyment within the County, together with land use studies, established t he[...]tralised employment existed within the County. |
| [...]populations in the various municipal areas of the County provided a basis for an estimate[...] |
| [...]Abraham Lincoln The fact that some of the County's major problems are nationwide, and incapable of[...]national respon- sibilities within the sphere of County planning. The most serious of these problems are linked wi[...]ll Australian economy, society and security. The County Plan in its present form is actually an acceptanc[...]ted. An estimate of optimtun population for the County would, on the other hand, require consideration of certain other factors, affecting both the Nation and the County itself. The factors would be - (a) Natu[...]nt dispersal of population. Within the County itself, short of theoretical considerations which[...]bility of physical structure. Undesirable though planning for maximum population may be, it is beyond the scope of County planning to attempt redistribution of population wi[...] |
| [...]period, the increase in population within the County absorbed 88 per cent of the increase in the whole[...]following graph traces the steady increase of the County's share of Australian population - POPULATION OF COUNTY REIATED TO AUSTRALIAN TOTAL[...]here was little Australian settlement outside the County. The decentralisation, which continued till 18[...]subsequent development of the contin- ent, the County's share of Australia's population is now approxim[...]these, no less than 375,500 were absorbed by the County of Cumberland and by the areas now known as Greater Newc[...] |
| [...]263.4 249.1 20% Balance of County 36.7 43.9 83.7 63% COUNTY TOTAL 341.5 30?.3[...] |
| [...]dividual maximum profits, but, with the growth of planning consciousness, it is now conunonly realise[...] |
| [...]LES The projection for future employment in the County for purposes of planning has been based on present ratios of employ[...] |
| [...]f population cannot be overlooked by an authority pLanning for posterity. They are equally inescap[...] |
| [...]ONAL PLAN civilisation, planning offers the[...]alities has been based on the contention that the County cannot continue to develop satisfactorily in its[...]esent centralised form. The urban area of the County has outgrown itself to such an extent that effici[...]ography and existing developmental pattern of the County - (a) Centralisation - a perpetuation of t[...]To be practicable, a nlan of an area such as the County of Cumberland must pay due regard to things a s t hey ar[...] |
| [...]has to be adapted. The natural features of the County such as the ocean coastline, Port Jackson and Bot[...]ctors relating to the existing development of the County, including essential service facilities and cormn[...]much of the future development of the County, since their total extent is very grea[...]ts. (i) That the geographic outline of the County and its physical featur8s tends to assi[...]wing to the special conditions which apply in the County, such as port facilities and sub[...] |
| [...]nce of obliteration by bombing. For general planning requirements, it provides a means for the reducti[...]an envisaged many changes in the structure of tbe County's develoµnent. The estimated expansion of deve[...]l and e c ononic structure. In the County t his means dispersal o~~ pr,·pl ~yment f r om U[...]oduc- t: on ( ..-hi ch wilJ be reflec ted in the County), accompanied by a serious - labour[...] |
| [...]CONCEPTION OF THE PLRN Of THE COUNTY - R[...]OEVELOPMENT MUST BE RECOGNISED) NOR OOES COUNTY CENTRE[...] |
| [...]nts a large proportion of total employment in the County. Gen erally the factors governine its location[...]e depends on highly skilled labour drawn from the County as a whole. In recognition of the fact that all[...]tional and cultural) servine the interests of the County as a whole. Development not associated with t[...]r development in the City. 7. Units for Detailed Planning A region of the size and character of the County of Cumberland should be divided into urban and rural units comp[...]hese units should serve as the basis for detailed planning and provision of public amenities, utiliti[...] |
| [...]Identity Certain physical characteristics of the County - the pronounced physical barriers provided by go[...]tricts or neighbourhoods. 9. Provision for Flats Planning for the housing needs of the County's population must recognise the preference of a c[...]ossible standards in the residential areas of the County, including adequate provision for public amenitie[...]he provision of public amenities. Therefore, in planning for new residential development or for increased[...]population. Most of the outer ur~an areas of the County are only partly developed and the population dens[...]is provided for by the subdivision of the land. Planning must aim at the achievement of sufficient populat[...]of Rural Background The rural background of the County must be preserved and strengthened to the utmost[...]13. Natural Scenery The nat ural scenery of the County must be regarded as a national asset and be treat[...]satisfying some of the recreational needs of the County population. 14. Transport The primary function of the County transport system is to provide connection[...] |
| [...]overseas can be expected to be established in the County in addition to normal expa.11sion . Any nationa[...]ann i ng for dev:elopment or redevelopment of the County. Nevertheless, the principle of dispersal[...]central areas, preserved as the centre of the County and Capital of the State, for the efficient fun·[...]of undertakings on which the comrnmd.ties of the County and the State as a whole depend - zovernment a[...]trict populations and preservi?'lg much of the County's best natural scenery. A Green Belt. ,\ ([...]1 the production of the County's fresh food but strengthened b;)r the presence |
| [...]eas already set aside as the result of interim planning. Large suburban centres are exhibiting[...] |
| PART Ill PLANNING PROPOSALS |
| [...]is surprising how many thousands of homes in the County do not possess these features or even half of the[...]h the other eleruents of the Plan, and with local planning, to provide for these things in full measure. Th[...]venience and well-being of the residents. In the County Plan, the living areas are compact units o[...] |
| [...]case , go without these facilities. Most of the County's extensive areas of substandard housing were dev[...]d houses. The extent of substandard areas in the County is shown •)::1 the accompanying Age and[...] |
| [...]d to the manne r in which the living areas of the County have developed . The de fect is referred to[...]outline of the Plan: it has greatly hindered the planning of industrial areas, centres, open space a[...] |
| [...]E GlE NllJ) COUNTY OF -- AREl\S WHICH REQUIRE IMMEDIATE llE[...]CUMBERLAND[...] |
| [...]f Mitchell's work is now difficult to find in the County, for however well conceived his recommendations m[...]ere met. If ever there were the need to justify planning it would be provided by the spectacle of responsi[...]condition of sprawl is in general evidence in the County wherever housing development has taken place.[...]can be largely attributed most of the defects in County development, especially the lack of unity and soc[...]zen. That such a condition has developed in the County is due la.r13ely to the process of sprawl, |
| [...]boons" in the history of develop- ment in the County. Generally the land subdivided has been as c[...]subdivided and disposed of in remote parts of the County, obviously on very slender pretexts. Under these[...]arter of a million vacant residential lots in the County. More than half of these lots are in general[...]e ly one quarter of the urban development of the County is scattered to such a degree that there i[...] |
| [...]. The standard densities with which those of the County have been compared are termed neighbourhoo[...] |
| [...]ner areas, densities are among the highest in the County, yet the housi:lg is generally of the sing[...] |
| [...]ngs. Before applying the broad findings of the planning solution to the design of livin£ areas, it becam[...]Taking into account the present densities in the County, it was apparent that the space-time factors invo[...]nying map of Living Areas and were applied in the planning of the future district pattern an<i the establishment of the broad framework for subsequent local planning of living areas. |
| [...]PROPOSALS O~ TH3 COUNTY PLAN It has already been sta~e d that the County Plan doe s not i nvolve any ma j or chan~e in the[...]h a rea sonable degr ee of independence. Planning of living ar eas, s i nce it i s the most important phase of planning, is affected by all of the principle s outlined i[...]Pr ~ nci ple 7 Units for Detailed Planning . -[...]Capacit y he proposed l i ving are "' S of t he County Plan provide f.)r an increase of more than 6 o,oo[...]the total additional populati on capacity of the County. Besides the proposed living ar .:.as,[...]These have not been snown as li ving areas on the County Plan but t _eir existence is, of cotl!'se, recogn[...]xplained in Chapter 6, i s actually based on t he County having a greater pe rcentage of total Aus[...] |
| [...]d network, provide the functional outline for the planning of each district. The more finite physical bound[...]nt on the major road pattern of the Plan. From a planning point of view - and that is all that this Report[...]ulations of cities. Wherever possible in the County Plan, there- fore, each district has not only its[...]be regarded as the basic unit of the Plan for the County. As such it must influence the planning not only of living areas , hut also of -[...] |
| [...]of perfection in the existing development of the County, particu- l ar ~e the pattern of past dev[...]lmost all of the difficulties of re ~lann ing th3 County. It has not been possible for all liv[...] |
| [...]es of the urban districts to the perimeter of the County. This proposal is desc1·ibed in Chapters 12 an[...]be developed into "satellites". Recent overseas planning has crAated many new to..ms as satellites, and this question was carefully considered in preparing the County Plan. However, it would be difficult to justif[...]when, as the result of present conditions in the County, more suitable conditions exist in the main urban[...]appy lack of balance which already exists between County population and that of the rest of the State. F[...]oods are primari ly regarded as the basis for the planning and provision of local facilities, the nei[...] |
| [...]sys tem will be greatly inc!'.'eased by detailed planning, which shoulj eliminate through traffic and prov[...]NJ HOUSING DEN~ITY Jensities adopted for the County Plan are on a neighbourhood unit basis. They inc[...]portant factor to be alJoHed for in the detailed planning of neiehbourhoods and the l.!Ontr ol of f[...] |
| [...]posals to be subr.ti.tted in conjunction with the County Plan. The delineation of density standards on the County Plan is on a broad bas~s , being intended essentially as a guide to local planning and to 9.Uthorities concerned with provisi on of[...]ill be required to comply with the figures on the County Plan. The density patt ern in the Plan has the f[...]of such development is largely a matter for local planning, within the overall limits set by the County Plan. (f) The balance o.f the living area[...]hat may be carried out in the early stages of the planning period is limited by high building costs,[...] |
| [...]eas, fall within the higher density limits of the County Plan; in addition to their central location, Padd[...]he most desirable land for rasidential use in the County. High-density dAvelopment will ensure the maxi[...]isfactory plan, O:".' a subsequent reconstruction scheme. Unrelated schemes may also de stroy the opport[...]ING AREAS Certain areas have been defined in the County Plan as "Holiday Living Areas". The purpos[...] |
| [...]sion of hostels and automobile camps in the local planning scheme. No County industry is associated with the Holiday Areas, as[...]ut of the standards which governed the design and planning of these structures becoming outmoded. This pr[...]ons. Properties must age, as new principles of planning and mechanical conveniences evolve, but these pro[...]ely unacceptable when judged by modern standards. Planning aims at the prevention of obsolescence and many of the proposals of the County Plan are designed to have this effect. N[...] |
| [...]Many of the best residential areas in the County are decaying in this manner, just as others close[...]of tre causes - has been dealt witb. Planning, at both County and local l e vel, orovides U:e means for rehabil[...]her non- cr:-nformine; developmeni., and over the planning period the damaginr, effects of t.he existing int[...]tention, as the condition js not pe culjar to the County . Sona form of insurance to which property own[...]ution warranting attention as an outcome of tI'.e County Plan. LOCAL PLANNING Planning of the living areas (as in other areas) must be followed without ~elay by local planning. The local responsibility in the r e-organisati[...]thods of implementation which are provided by the County Plan. Accor dingly, close liaison wil1 be neede[...]nsity, and to the overall densities s hown on the County Plan. Finally, in addition to applying the prin[...], traffic, density and land suitability the local planning r esponsibility includes civic design - an essential feat~e of tovm planning (though not, as was once generally thought[...] |
| [...]and landscaping - in short, the translation of planning, which exists largely on a two-dimensional plane in the County Scheme, to three-dimensional reality.[...]F filf:ijS;J OPEN SPACE DISTRICT PLANNING ~ INDUSTRIAL AREAS =[...] |
| [...]y dependent on the industry carried on within the County boundari es. Yet in sp~te of this indebtedness[...]er:iploys more than a quarter of a million of the County ' s workers. Being uncouth and untidy may be at[...]distri- bution and extent. Industry began in the County when a small brick pi t was opem:id at Briclr..fi[...]century. By 1890, 1,448 factories in the County employed 27,982 persons and in the next 20 years[...]of production from secondary industry within the County is now about £125 , 000,000 and represents about[...]. One factor , t hough i t is little beyond the planning stage, is the current British trend toward[...] |
| [...]n of the new industry will be established in the County of Cumberland - at least unless some policy of unprecedented de[...]1943-194 4 SHOWING COMPARISON BETWEEN COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND AND AUSTRALIA EARTHEN PRODUCTS. METALWORKING[...]FACTOR.Y EMPLOYMENT COUNTY CHEMICALS & 01 LS . 25°/.[...]OF CUMBERLAND 33 ·2% OF[...] |
| [...]its development. The re~ent Town and Country Planning ar.iendment of the Local Government Act provided for planning and the zoning of industry. It is necessary to e[...]art of many concerned with local government. The County Plan deals with industry in two respects.[...] |
| [...]lier chapter, the de-velopnent of industry in the County is de:pendent on an extensive supply of labour, a[...]y the range of manufacture aarried out within the County is extremely wide. The only detailed data availa[...]ations. The doninant classes of industry in the County are Metal Workine an:l .engineering (representi[...]generally concentrate d in three sections of the County - the City Centre, the Inner Suburbs and[...] |
| [...]re 11+2,000 foctory workers or 58 per cent of the County total . Every class of industry is represented.[...]ers. Food factories, which lnclude all of th County's breweries, are dispersed over the whole[...] |
| [...]Suburbs represent 84 per cent of industry in the County. The remainder, where not in the form of[...] |
| [...]he problem of organisation of industry within the County, it has · been necessary to examine also those f[...]location. Although industrial pursuits in the County are widely diverse and large-scale competition fo[...]ell distributed throughout the urban areas of the County (and in any case is already extensively de[...] |
| [...]37 per cent. The present labour force in the County is approximately 750,000 of whom about 275,000 ar[...]Wales, and it is reasonable to assume that in the County the proportion would not be less than that of the[...]Relationships The projected distribution of the County population described in the preceding Chapter ind[...]actory workers at present form 16 per cent of the County population, but this proportion varies con[...] |
| [...]e population, practically coi ncident wit h the County average. These general relationships are not[...]will be approximat ely the same as the County average. However, the arithmetical application o[...]yment in individual areas exceeds the e s timated County figure. A further considerati on has been[...] |
| [...]figure is accepted as the basis of design in the County of Cumberland, the area required would be to the order of 12 1[...]are the highest that can reasonably be accepted. Planning merely to the exact estimated space requir[...] |
| [...]at the areas reserved for industry should be on a County scale, of sufficient size to make an effective contribution to the s olution of the County planning problem. Many otherwise suitable but smaller area[...]industry is more appropriately a matter of local planning. Allowing for all these contingencies, the actua[...]inite to serve the purpose of classifica- tion of planning for industry. In the County Plan the industrial areas , and not the types of[...]earlier in this chapter. The following planning classifications have been adopted -[...] |
| [...]specific provision needs to be made in planning but an appropriate measure of control is needed. Of the above classes, the first three are matters of County planning. Classi- fications 4, 5 and 6 are recognised as i[...]n. They are of little overall significance on a County scale, and provide less than 10 per cent of the present factory employ- ment in the County. Provision of individual areas,powever, is considered a matter for local planning. Apart from the Special Industrial Areas, the zo[...]whole area. THE PLANNING PROPOSALS In the process of planning, the principles of distribution have been[...] |
| [...]is necessary for complete implementa tion of the scheme and the rehabilitat ion of the areas. Si[...] |
| [...]ulation) which cannot be decentralised beyond the County. The only satellite proposal at present being de[...]t disturbing the basic disposition of the initial planning pattern. The success of the proposals, however,[...]r requirements are highly specialised. Detailed planning of the City Centre (in which many indus[...]numer- ous extractive industries in the County. Except for small stone quarries thro[...]hese are operated is not significant in County planning, and no particular provision has been m[...]ile and pottery works, manufacture all County requirements. They have extensive workin[...] |
| [...]of new pits will be subject to the control of the planning authority which will also control the[...]trial development will shortly tal:e place in the County : even now, it is retarded only by shortages of m[...]ormal expansion. Under present conditions in the County where residential development predoninates in all[...]rial areas are probably the most important in the County Plan - at least as far as the urgent need[...] |
| [...]one local authority shows the necessity for local planning to correct these conditions. The Kingsgrove ind[...]the area is now being restnned to imple- ment the scheme. Over 100 applications for the replanned sites[...]ts - clear evidence of the effectiveness of local planning, and of its possibilities in other areas. Anothe[...]o the problems of both the new enterprise and the planning authority, and could prove an effective contribution to imple- mentation of both local and County planning. The developnent of areas which include ho[...] |
| [...]ur most serious national problems, so, within the County, exists yet another great magnet - the city itsel[...]ivity overwhelms that of all other centres in the County. The like of its emporiums, shops, theatres, h[...]ize and importance of the centres proposed in the County Plan are deter- mined by the extent and character[...]upported by district populations . 3. The County Centre - the City of Sydney - improved in dignity[...]port and the principal centre of the County. Only the limits of the County Centre have been shown on the County Plan. For reasons stated later in this chap[...]The early development of individual towns in the County was still in evidence after the first hund[...] |
| [...]e on the city th~t even the outer centres of the County were threatene d with loss[...]filmen t. This evidence of the lack of forward planning was accentuat ed when the only guidance in site s[...]ecent changes in the commerci al structure of the County became evident. There are now signs th[...] |
| [...]y impaired by congestion. The growth of the County's population demands an increasing volume of whol[...]stor- age. Of all heavy carriers' stores in the County, 22 per cent are located in the city, half of t h[...]d by further studies of functional aspects of the County Centre and included in the Advisory Propos[...] |
| [...]t Kings Cross, and even this is marr~d by lack of planning. Hotels, Theatres and Cinemas Although n[...] |
| [...]ns in the city, i ncluding terminals for both the County and the State trans por t systems, suffer from a[...]The weakness lies generalJy in a lack of overal1 planning . The only carefully planned approach[...] |
| [...]CENTRr,S Land use in the existing centres of the County demonstrates lack of organisation and of overall planning. Within most large centres, both urban a[...] |
| [...]the new forms of develoµuent now a.ppe::irin~ in County centres. The district which supports it is wide[...]nal influence, occupies an important place in the County. It is a counter-integration to Sydney, and, with[...]ng population. In the living areas shown on the County Plan, there is extensive capacity for expa[...] |
| [...]ces Highway. Other important centres in the County are found in the rural towns and include Campbell[...]PRINCIPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF CEUTRES IN THE COUNTY PI.J\N The provision of centres within the County is an integral fe ature in the general pattern of[...]as to which they are related. The range .o f the County Plan has been restricte d to district centres and the city, which, in its dual functions as County Centre and State Capital, is intended to form the[...]e capital. Location of the City of Sydney as the County Centre is so clearly establish ed |
| [...]d it will be separately described in this way. In planning for district centre locations, however, certain g[...]alternative locations for district centres. The County Plan, therefore, does not seek to make arbitrary[...]to the existing systeD, in harmony with the whole County Planning Scheme. However, the true social and planning focus of the district must be selected, even thou[...]most invariably by feeder bus routes. For the County planning, however, accessibility to the whole of the distr[...]ad obvious adv-cll1tages. Relation to the future County road network, which serves all districts, was als[...]ve pattern of the 68 local governing areas of the County would have some effect on selection of centres, but in general the conclusions and recommendations of the County Planning Scheme can be regarded as indicating an efficient framework for the definition of planning units. Centres for these units represent[...] |
| [...]acres PROPOSALS FOR THE COUNTY CENTRE The replanning of the central city area[...]idely influenced by its ties with the rest of the County and with the State and the Commonwealth. Its planning therefore must follow that of the County as a whole, of which, in a structural sense, it f[...]mme extending beyond the period available for the County Planning Scheme. The urgent need for action is fully realised[...]edial action. The final solution and the city planning scheme, however, with capa- city for flexible adjustment[...]nds and conditions, must be accepted as a lengthy planning task. Therefore, this chapter merely sets out[...]be su1:mitted. The greater burden of detailed planning rests with the City Council. For a considerabl e[...]y Council has also resolved to prepare a complete planning scheme, and has complet ed its f irst plan f or interim[...]rticular, correspondi ng t o the f indings of the County analysis set out in Chapter 8, it is pos[...] |
| [...]he area to be planned and to function as the County Centre. This area is bounded by Port Jackson[...]ntial functions of the State Capital and the County Centre. Transport The need for developn[...]stributor road system surrounding the core of the County centre, designed to comply with the findings[...]provision for them must be the result of careful planning. Any premature proposals, even i f i[...]ty, may be no better contribution to city planning than the costly mistakes of the past.[...] |
| [...]of commodities stored and distributed within ~he County Centre. Relation to bond and free stores, to the[...]il expans ion which should be provided for in the County Centre is one of the most complex of planning problems. Upon the establishment of the u[...]ty streets has already been des- cribed. Detailed planning of the city, therefor e , should attempt an early[...]Street ha s been r ec ommended by a governmental planning committee, and will merit ~on s iderati on with a[...]strative buildings of this status suggest f uture planning for an open square or Mall , of which they would[...]ecided. While there are many solutions to t he planning problems of this |
| [...]tain heavy traffic routes on the periphery of the County Centre, also comiecting through the University la[...]ost pressing - of the essential objectives of any planning eoheme for the city is the rehabilitation[...] |
| [...]PROPOSALS FOR D:- STRJCT CI:NTRES The planning principles relat1ng to the district centres of the County demon- strate the extent to which the form of the[...]merc _~_ al centres must affect the extent of the planning proposals and the future composi- tion of the cen[...]implementation of a most important element of the County Plan. This will not restrict the development o[...]t. The chief characteristic of the proposals for County centres is that in all of them replanning is invo[...]oblems in replanning: the problem involved in the County Plan was to determine an area within which[...] |
| [...]At the Oxford Conference of the Town and Country Planning Asso- ciation in 1941, F.J. Osborn, .t he[...] |
| [...]n some refreshing environment. In the Coi.mty of Cumberland, the major City outlets are crowded t week-ends a[...]ertook China, North Africa and Mesopotamia. The County of Cumberland is largely free from the extreme conditions which[...]on of forest land are widespr~ ad throughout the County. When it is realised that in the vicinity of S[...]arable tracts, the para- mo mt importance of the County's ,rural areas becomes obvious. EXTENT AND PRODUCTION OF THE RURAL AREAS The history of. 1. he County's rural areas is almost as old as Australi[...] |
| [...]COUNTY OF ~~ N~~llP~~ W PiotHu N1tN~_ _~~--1111111111111[...]1 CUMBERLAND 1 MUNICIP[...] |
| [...]from Parrarna tta. The earlies t farmers in the County faced severe obstacle s. Selectio n was[...]roducti on to increase with the expansio n of the County marke t , although not at the same rate. The uniq[...]ke direct retailer -sales - are increase d in the County because of the physica l nature of the region. The barrier s to the County are f ormidab le and wide and so transpo rt and m[...]on outside supplie s. The populat ion of the County is more than half that of New South Wales, so tha[...]sumed i n t he State must find its way . into the County. This, togethe r with the fac t that almost[...]Sydney, enormou sly increase s the value of the County' s rural lands. Althoug h the County is not self-sup porting , the followin g instance[...]1,129 tons 14.5 The County is more or less self-sup porting in many commodi[...]of the poult ry farms in N.S.W. are in the County, and about 18 per cent of t he milk used in the County is produced within its own boundar ies. The a[...]dal e. Little wheat is now produced within the County. In 1945/6 there were 6,2.35 rural holding s of one acre or more in the County. They aggrega ted 280,000 acres, or 29 per cent of t he County. This figure was lower than in the two or[...]res or 4 per cent of t he total area of the County and represe nts .36 per cent of the total number of r ural holding s. Primary product ion in the County engages over 9, 000 persons in permane nt employ-[...]ery small percenta ge of total employment in the County, but, as ha s been indicate d in the produ[...] |
| [...]electrici ty supply has been establish ed in the County, and it is the only service which has been genera[...]developm ent for irrigatio n, while much of the County's fertile soil is within a short distance[...]of primary productio n in the outer areas of the County, a number of towns ·and villages have developed[...]fast transport and the lack of deliberat e local planning. The spread of Sydney has submerged some of thes[...]-tim e productio n. Considera ble tracts of the County Rural Areas are used for government purpos[...] |
| [...]al areas need large- scale rehabilitation. In the County ·of Cumberland, not only is the rural land vital for the service[...]nd social services, at least to the limits of the County. It is the right of rural communities, long den[...]nomy can provide. The most serious threat to the County's rural areas is the insecurity of tenure.[...] |
| [...]blame on any one class is impossible, and from a planning viewpoint, the attack must be made on the circums[...]pulation. While this has not been the case in the County, where there has been a sub- stantial increase in[...]as a warning of possible future movements in the County. Probably the most important causes of the dri[...]s. The lack of balanced employment facilities in County rural areas is evident from a few random examples[...]possible. The location of the towns of the County is such that social facilities could be wi[...] |
| [...]ny other conservation methods. PROPOSALS OF THE COUNTY PLAN The proposals of the Plan are designed to en[...]olis and extending to the inland perimeter of the County. A large part of this corresponds with the Green[...]or bush- land reserves in the western half of the County is greatly relieved. It is neither pos[...] |
| [...]p development would occur automatica lly. The planning task is to ensure that this transfer only take[...]imilarly, a number of open space proposals in the County Plan includes sections of rural lands. The tra[...]s proposed that the whole rural background of the County should be made up of a number of rural districts,[...]n, a number of village sites are indicated in the County Plan; these are very small rural centres, some of[...]land and Bankstown, have been grouped in the same planning units as considerabl y urbanised areas, an[...] |
| [...]ge 131 to continue) to the rural centres of the County, thus fulfilling the function of these towns as s[...]d, roughly parallel to the inland boundary of the County, which can be developed generally by the adoption[...]severance of these towns. 3. The Effect of Urban Planning Upon Rural Areas Many of the greatest benefits which the County Plan proposes for rural areas are the indirect results of urban planning. These are achieved in the following way -[...]t saving of money, time and speculative planning, more new services can be diverted to t[...]FUTURE OF THE COUNTRYSIDE The proposals of the County Plan are a broad outline for a future belt of pur[...]sting the enthusiastic support of everyone in the County - for everyone will benefit in many ways. The visible evidence of these benefits will not generally follow planning on a regional scale, but will spring from the detailed planning of districts, to~ms and villages. This will be the first stage in implementing the County Plan. |
| [...]RURAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE COUNT! OJI' CUMBERLAND 31st MARCH[...]Total of County or Shire Male Female Tot[...] |
| [...]Lord Sempill A plan for the County's open space must aim·to satisfy all active ~ecr[...]respect, the numbers to be served far exceed the County's population, for the natural beauty of the regio[...]utstandine defects of present develoµnent in the County, is due largely to the changing conception of out[...]o-day was probably considered adequate during the County's early develoµnent . Then, the f€opl[...] |
| [...]ek. OPEN SPACE IN THE COUNTY According to Ordinance 104 of the Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act, 1945, the responsibility of the County Scheme for the provision of open space is confined to ar[...]ed broadly to mean areas meeting the needs of the County as a whole and not of particular Municipalities or Shires. A number of reservation s proposed in the County Plan do not exceed 15 acres - in fact some reserv[...]said that the period of greatest expansion in the County was the period of worst taste. It was also the[...]reat cities. Only 160 years ago, all land in the County was Crovm land, but wide alienations have been pe[...]ss, they suffered, as has most development in the County, from a system of land development which placed l[...]creational use is extremely limited. Most of the County's major parks, particul&rly the older ones , have[...]frora the indifference of the past. Some of the County 1 s open space was established when the denancls[...]n if the encroachment had not taken place. The County can ill afford to lose any of its open spa[...] |
| [...]sirable standard adopted as a basis of open space planning in the County is 6 acres per 1,000 population for di s trict n[...]ple, the standards ad opt ed in the post-war city planning vary from 6 acres to ~ acres per 1,000 of population. H')wever, the standard adopted for the County Pl an i s ba sed on district require- ments and d[...]d reserves nor make allowances for the use of the County's waterways and beache s. Since these areas ar[...]e requirements of adjoining neighbourhoods . In planning the County, the general standard ha s been applied only in o[...]and lot sizes, all of which are common in present County development - (a) Detached houses[...]s use of the valuable natural reso'.ll'ces of the County, but also serves a definite recreational need.[...]least on a small s cal e. Not all parts of the County are as wel l endowed as, say, Ku-ring-gai,[...] |
| [...]{ COUNTY OF •[...] |
| OPEN SPACE space and the recognised quality of the County's natural scenery, existing open space is seriously inadequate in almost every part of the County. The deficiency in active recreation space and r[...]reas scattered throughout the urban areas of the County, there is only one instance of a large-scale park[...]Moore Park and Centennial Park - and most of the County's racecourses and major sports arenaso In the n[...]ty. A mile to the south-east, Moore Park, the County's major sports area, has extensive facilities for[...]east, has variety and beauty and is probably the County's most outstanding park. There are drives for[...]of open space is the only connected series in the County • . Though the remainder of the parks and recre[...]ds out as one of the most beautiful parks in the County; skilful treatment of a gully in otherwise[...] |
| [...]nificant. Botany is the only Municipality in the County which has ref1c ed the standard requirement of 2t[...]There i s, actually, no l~rge area within the County which has its full qu ta of sports grounds; in th[...]1 the greater part of the County. The inner areas, excluding the City, are defi[...]oft e limited existine recrea-ional space of the County and the general deficiency in quantity emp[...] |
| [...]PRESERVATION OF NATURAL BEAUTY The whole of the County of Cumberland was once an area of loveliness and wild life. T[...]y Berowra Creek. In all of these, much of the County's great natural beauty has been preserved, but th[...]The natural beauty of the most priceless of the County's possessions, the Harbour and its foreshores, ha[...]en done in recent years to check alienation. The County's most attractive scenery is the sandstone countr[...]for preservation. THE COUNTY OPEN SPACE PROPOSALS The major features of the[...](a) A district open space system. (b) A County green belt. (c) Additional scenic[...] |
| [...]o be made for further investiga- tion in detailed planning. The district open space system, which, by reason[...]remainder is expected to be provided by detailed planning within each of t he districts formed by the green[...]ng them so important, that it becomes a County responsibili ty to ensure that proper guidance is given, so that the subsequent l ocal planning will conform to the over-all County pattern. (b) The opportunities of securing[...]re the plan in some instances goes beyond striict County limits, to preserve large areas of suitable vacan[...]he major part of the open space deficiency in the County, and to emphasise the di strict pattern. Besid[...]evelopnent of the lesser physical features of the County. In the inner olosely-set t led areas, these na[...]capable of being converted to open space over the planning period. This green web, in addition to the Harbo[...]even small r eservations are ver:y limited. The County Pl an , however, provides for a |
| [...]for the investieati r . · i ... ~ " Ut for the County Plan. Their subsequent preservatio n is assured by a p " 11 ·. l for strict control and detailed planning of the whole of the harbour ar" i:t described in[...]of the River. George's River and Botany Bay The planning problem for the George's River is les s acute tha[...]er, west of the Salt Pan, lie within the proposed County Green Belt and are protected by a proposed George[...]ne of the finest tracts of natural scenery in the County, ranging from the precipitous , deep-water foresh[...]or public recreation will pr ovide an unsurpassed County park for motoring, bush-\mlkin g and a~ .[...] |
| [...]olli Creek ExpressYJay, which 'Will be one of the County' s major pa.rkYJays. Rockdale Peninsu la Anothe[...]s have the great advantag e of being close to the County' s most importa nt belt of existing open space -[...]forms a definite distric t boundar y, which the County Plan emphasi ses by a broad strip of parklan d.[...]must be impleme nted by a large-sc ale clearanc e scheme involvin g the conversi on of sub-stan da[...] |
| [...]COUNTY OPEN SPACE[...] |
| [...]available land. As on the North Shore, detailed planning must provide supplementary small areas. Ryde-Eastwood Cotmty proposals (in addition to tho Lane Cove River Scheme) are a reserve along Terry's Creek, Eastwo[...] |
| [...]to be exploited, a large proportion of open space planningCounty open space - Long Cove, part of the Cook's River[...]ild- ings which constitute the focal point of the County and the State. The basis for a great park[...] |
| [...]a l ocPl basis. 'utherland The majority of the County proposals in Sutherland are associated with the G[...]elt o-r rural la.nds. I nternn.lly , deta·.led planning for new development or for redevelopment of exi s[...]eir est ablishment as satellite town s . To such planning must bo left the provision of the required[...] |
| [...]isfactorily only after etailed investigation and planning. Responsibility for its foreshores is shared by[...]investigation too ~eta iled for the scope of the County Plan. However, it is by no means merely a loca[...]ion depends on a later and more detailed stage of planning . ~ e Coun y proposals retain as many of the hea[...]rn Suburbs. Parkways ;.. number of tte proposed County roads are ca . able of exten sive parkway[...] |
| [...]b rded as an essential f eat ure i the dt tailed planning of all 11· pvsed Count roads and railways[...]od, where protection from suburbanism is the only planning requirement. Further south, cutting acros[...] |
| [...]+ ·m.-1 arf de 'el0 :1!tfn1t. Mo:-e detailed planning will locate areas smaller and ~er obs[...] |
| [...]gesL and mosL beautiful reserves 111 th e County. 91. The Valley (rom Audley. 92. Boating o[...] |
| [...]REEN BELT. 117, 11 8. Pro spect Creek, one of the County 's minor watercourses. The beauty and[...] |
| [...]of goods ya rd s 1s proposed 111 the County Plan. |
| [...]1,619 2,486 4,105 1,121 COUNTY TOTAL 100,528 36,467 136,995[...] |
| [...]in its planning aspects, must be con-[...]e providing access as well as the services. The planning problem is to provide the means to co-ordinate al[...]which it is best adapted. In the comprehensive planning of a new region, a system of transport is require[...]cter of these elements. For a region such as the County of Cumberland, the whole transport system must provide for the[...]trend. Within this phase of mechanised movement, planning must co-ordinate the various transport media with[...]for human working and living. At the same time, planning must corr~ct the problems of residential s[...] |
| [...]53 of Port Jackson, is the focus not only of the County of Cumberland but of the State of New South Wales. As the cap[...]All forms of long-distance transport traverse the County, meeting and inter- changing within a rectangular[...]Within this area is the commercial centre of the County and 30 per cent of its total employ- ment. Lead[...]one intrastate and the fifth extending beyond the County boundary. Four major highways, all with inters[...]ices, local trans port also converge s on the County Centre, largely because of centralised employment[...]lude steam train services from the borders of the County, an urban electric train system from Hornsby[...]les. The loadings of the transport system in the County in 1946-47 are illustrated by the followin[...] |
| [...]t. REQUIREMENTS OF COUNTY TRANSPORT It will not be sufficien t for the County Plan to provide me r ely a temporary palli ative[...]ween urban units, as well as for contact with the County Centre. Cross-cou ntry and circumfe rential road[...]con- SP quent reduction s in peak-hour effects. "County" transport routes must be considere d as of an ar[...]tem. The design of a transport system within the County would be deficient if it recognise d only utilitari an needs. The natural beauty of the County warrants a satisfact ory standard of access, whil[...]particula rly merit inclusion in a co-ordina ted scheme. Long-dist ance conmunication s are, by their nature, allied with the County Centre. Terminals and storage space for long-[...]st ance traffic are less intense than those of County communic ations, the methods are in process of e[...]s . The types of transport operating within the County require detailed examina- tion, and the p[...] |
| [...]ers, and the Port of Sydney will always serve the County as the main terminus for overseas goods as well a[...], and possibly even for New Zealand. The national planning policy of developing new ports appears unlikely t[...]nsibility for providing these requirements in the County of Cumberland lies with the Maritime Services Board, which has submitted proposals for inclusion in the County Plan. These have been investigated and related to the over-all requirements of the County. In this respect the main feature of the County Plan is the full development of the foreshores o[...]mproved standard, is shown on the Plan. This scheme is the outcome of co-operation with th[...] |
| [...]wi ll be elaborated in Advisory Proposals for the County Centre. Other allied proposals are the special[...]red that little developnent is warranted in other County harbours. In Botany Bay, extensive artificial w[...]AIR TRANSPORT In one sense, the County is the birthplace of heavier-than-air transport f[...]d since the end of the war in 1945. To-day, the County is the focal point of State and Interstate air se[...]ssengers and 6,128 tons of freight passed through County air ports. There are indications that air service[...]nits are used. Nevertheless, it is essential in planning for airport facilities that ample space be provid[...]In submitting proposals for air terminals in the County, it has been realised that the growth of air tran[...]-distance terminal. Within the urban area of the County are Kingsford Smith Airport and Rose Bay F[...] |
| [...]e been examined d.ll'ing the prepara- tion of the County Plan and are now protected from unnecessary urban[...]and to allied tran spor~.ation routes within the County Centre, v.ith off -street loadint; and parking fa[...]to be in~luded in the Advisory Proposals for the County Centre. In addition to the major civil air proposals, the County rural area provides scope for a considerable numb[...]g developnent, and this feature has permitted the County rail system to function as a consistently efficient means of mass rapid transit. Average railway speeds in County urban areas, achieved with the negligible[...] |
| [...]on on most of the urban passenger railways of the County. In 1947, the total passenger-miles travelled on[...]towards greater use of road transport within the County has greatly lessened the carriage of goods by ra[...]nsfer-stations. A new railway is proposed on the County Plan, to provide a strategic link between[...] |
| [...]ROADS Present Conditions The basis of the County road system was laid by early exploration and inf[...]blishment of settlements in the hinterland of the County. These settlements required communication with[...]w exceptions, the existing main routes within the County were developed during the horse transport era. S[...]e City alone at £10,000 a day. Expansion of the County, which :irst occurred in the southe rn and[...] |
| [...]traffic control. The present road network of the County centre is the result of the centralisa- tion whic[...]ties of the authority concerned. ~.Ji thin the County of Cumberland the Main Roads System is at present classified in[...]ipal communication between the County and country districts and between Sydney and the[...]oncurrence with the Department of Main Roads, the Scheme provides for new routes in accordance with princi[...]loyment, while neglecting the death and injury on County roads. In the County of Cumberland , during the ~ar ending .June 1947, 261 persons w[...]for the death or incapacity of 17 persons in the County each day would not be tolerated, yet this[...] |
| [...]cess to neighbourhood play space. Access to the County Centre, which is the essential purpose of long-di[...]facilities scarcely exist. Apart from any other planning considerations , all this waste of effort demands[...]onary and only a corresponding revolution in road planning will remedy existing defects. The magnitude of th[...]at a base value of 4 for the urban portion of the County will ultimately be reached, making a total of approximately 550 1 000 motor vehicles within the County by 1972. The rising proportion of commercial vehicles indicates the industrial growth of the County and will be an important factor in road planning and pavement design, since the greater ave[...] |
| [...]been considered in the proposals for a reoesigned County network. Principles Adopted for the County Road Plan The main conclusion to be dra\Jl1 frol[...]outes through residential precincts. A survey of County road transport was carried out by the Department[...]ve report a valuable contribution was made to the planning of the County road system. The proposals of the County Plan have been formulated through constant liaiso[...]d on adjacent land use has been recognised. THE COUNTY ROAD PLAN All main routes have been exru:rined a[...]affic. This analysis recognises the cardinal planning precept of traffic separation and groups those routes of County significance into - 1. Inter-Regional or[...]he outstanding natural features of the County. 5. Special Acces s Roads for major[...] |
| [...]al planr:ing. To simplify the delineation of the County System, only two classification s, e. combination[...]: and of (3), (4) and (5), have been shown in the County Plan. In most cases each road can be classified[...]adapt many existine routes. However, since the scheme lareely requires the replanninc of existing devel[...]ver its main functions. These new routes link the County Centre to the present out:ets on the circum- fere[...]Several problems will be encountered in local planning follo..,.,ing the establishm[...] |
| [...]Western Expressway· in a rural portion of the County, and providing ultimate expre s sway[...]east ern suburbs and an i ni ustrial area to the County Centre . It foll ows existine r out[...]s. This would be an at tractive route t o t he County Ai rport, a valuable l ink with a ma[...]orthern and s outhern expressway outlets from the County and join ~ng in t ermediate routes, districts and[...]Ryde, i s potential ly the most important cro ss-county r oute and has therefo re been gi ve ~ r egi onal[...]as Mili tary Road, Mosman, have be en adopted as County r oute s be cause of the t opography and existing[...]port'.lll ity has bee"'l seized t o i nclude t he County 's o tstanding scenic at t racti ons in the gene[...]a.. Acceptance of the transit function of a ll 'County" roads accentuat e s the need for insulat[...] |
| [...], involving the addition of district roads to the County road pattern, can now be f oreseen. In the esta[...]is one of the requirements in the detailed local planning of County areas. This will involve the closing of many un[...]ving much reclassificatio n, will require careful planning. The real cost of such a system to the national[...]not overwhelmed by, the road traffic of the County. LONG-DISTANCE ROAD TRAllSPORT SERVICES It i[...]uxiliary facilities. Advisory Proposals for the County Centre will include such terminals. PUBLIC ROAD TRANSPORI' SERVICES County or local road transport includes electric tram an[...]is ation and congestion in the inner areas of the County are due to this radial pattern. Horse-d[...] |
| [...]urban area and much of t he rural portion of the County, acting as feeder services to rail stations and f[...]e pattern of bus routes through the lack of local planning informati on . The delineat ion of this pattern is an urgent requireme nt of local detailed planning , illustrat ed by the fact that, in the year 1946[...]s the task of the local plan , in amplifyin g the County Plan, to indicate for public vehicles the route s[...]te than that of vehicles, except in the congested County Centre, where limitatio ns of road capacity and p[...]ecialis t authority , and the applicati on of the County Plan to road des ign is to be considere d mainly as it affects vehicular traffic within the County . First claims f or the use of road space in a r[...]submitted with the advisory plan for the County Centre. With the develop:ne nt of expresswa y condition s to the County Centre, the use of a distr ibutor roadway[...] |
| [...]Page 167 planning of access to the precincts is a problem for early[...], It is a vital function of any ~lanning scheme that the population, especially the very young an[...]e major features of the Advisory Proposals of the County Planning Scheme that suitable treatment to ensure precinct develo[...]retail shops, are the overdue inheritance of all County dwellers. CO-ORDINATION[...]roposals for future communications set out on the County Plan may be summarised briefly - Long-Distance Transport The increasing importance of the County Centre has been recognised, and provision has bee[...]suitable areas for new routes and installations. County Transport Communications within the County have been designed as an integral element in the total planning scheme. Routes of roads and railways will facilitate a[...]ustry and the establishment of urban districts. County roads have been classified as transit routes, and[...]delineation has been recommended for early local planning action. Defects in the transport system, which h[...]y co-ordinated system of feeder services. In the County urban area, railway stations are spaced at[...] |
| [...]TRANSPORT radius from the County Centre which are served by rail transport, only 4[...]ed a powerful influence on the developnent of the County. The planned pattern of its future developnent[...]g detailed proposals for such co-ordinati on, the County Planning Scheme indicates the field for the collaborati on[...] |
| [...]Lewis Mumford The responsibility of County planning for schools, hospitals and other institu- tions i[...]However, social institutions have an important planning func~ion, for they can greatly influence the grquping of the comrrrunities around them. The County Plan has, in its pattern of districts, laid the f[...]only of institutions which serve the needs of the County population as a whole. For those with district[...]ed, since this is regarded as matter for detailed planning of the districts. General require- ments for ea[...]tutions. The group of these districts forms the County, with the City as the integrating force, while the County in turn has its special institutions which serve the County as a whole. The present trend of Social Services[...]in the provision of social benefits. Within the County, the increasing demand can be assessed in the gro[...]re on social benefits is illustrated on Page 182 Planning for the distribution and location of social insti[...]r institutions, such as courts and hospitals. For planning purposes the term "social institutions" is[...] |
| [...]ion of the arts had t.heir early beeinning in the County. The Uniirersi ty was founded in 1850 ,[...] |
| [...]er of pers ons in the 5-14 years age grou? in the County population to the year 2000. The ryosition in the County is expected to be worse than ~or the whole of Aus[...]n trend will seriouc;ly affect the nation and the County in the iil1,ediate future, it should not be allow[...]ts. Plan~ing for Schools The -schools of the County provide for the education of children from[...] |
| [...]Children in County of Cumberland z[...]YEAllS 1945-2000 FOil AUSTllALIA AND THE COUNTY OF CUMBE~LAND[...]WITHIN THE COUNTY OF CUMBEIZ.LAND. |
| [...]ng requirements in the future develoµnent of the County can be stated as follows - (a) Provision o[...]ereased development is pro posed in the County Flan. (b) Improvement of existing suitably[...]military units, sporting bodies and others. The County Plan proYides at this stage f or distrihntion of[...]schools which will be dealt with in the detailed planning stage. The neighbourhood (with a population of 5[...]l make conformity with the district system of the County Plan even more desirable and practicable. As a re[...]ls will be confined to the la.rger centres of the County, serving possibly more than one district e[...] |
| [...]dded a ne\.1 ann heavier bur ·len . Though this scheme plays a large part in Teclmical Education at pres[...]e are at present eir;ht technical colleges in the County, providing for a pproxi'ti.ately 30,000 students,[...]red by the Commonwealth Recoflstr u0tion Trainine Scheme. These colleges are at Belmo1·e, Granvil.le,[...]i s p.:! rsal of empl ·::iyme nt proposed in the County Plan wil 1. ensure that both c on:ii t ~ ')11 s o[...]owi ng colle ges will be required in the detailed planning of distd::: t s - Zon,,, Colle ges[...] |
| [...]-grad uate courses and research facilitie s. The County Plan provides for the siting of the Institute at[...]red by the Connnonwealth Reconstru ction Training Scheme. It is anticipat ed that almost all of these stud[...]nsion of the Universit y precinct is shown on the County Plan. The area is now occupied by sub-stand a[...]em, the pr:incipa l cultural institutio ns in the County are devoted to music, paintine and sculptu[...] |
| [...]es. The gene!"al J ibrc::ry organisation j.n the County, though short of standard s main ,a:'...ne[...] |
| [...], where the P.Stabl1-shment is )r Stat9\olirie or County importa nce. It is also intended thnt many sim[...];. Si tas for thc.s1J are not indicate d on the County Plan, but a nunber of sui.tabla 5i tes in[...] |
| [...]-day, the hospital accommodation available in the County, exclusive of mental and T .B. ca ses , is approY[...]rses. For t l:e proj e cted p,)pulati on of t he County in 25-30 years, it is estimated t bat a 100 pEr c[...]Ol10 beds . The present system in t he Cotmty of Cumberland consists of - (a) GenE.ra.l hospi[...]spitals are all centralised to serve not only the County but the State ; they are also teaching hospitals[...]s . Concurrently "With the prepai·u.tion of the County Flan, a plan for hospitals of the County was drawn up by the Hos pitals Commission of N.s.[...]ach, to 3erve t he po1)ulat ions f orecast by the County Plan. GENTRAL HOSPI'i'ALS These are the only hospitals provided f or in the County Plan where new sites ar e reqU.:.red . Eve[...] |
| [...]in co rporated 111 a pre-war housing scheme. |
| [...]haracter o~ the University grounds. Roads of County importance serve the general area without actuall[...]e Hospitals Com."lission, and reco~nencied by the County Plan, that each of four main sections of t[...] |
| [...]of these hospitals must be determined in detailed planning. The minimum area required for e[...]ese requirements will be met at a later staE;e of planning. Th·~ Reception House at Darl 1.nghurs[...] |
| [...]81 HOSPirALS AND HOMES FOR THE AGED Within the County there are Sta.te. Hospitals and Homes for Men at[...]also 2? charitable homes for the aged within the County, most of which are controlled by religious hodies[...]ng difficulties no site has been indicated on the County Plan.[...]h0ugh there are many Courts of Law located in the County, h1cl11ding tho&c of a spec1al nature i,.1hic i s[...]ourts woul<i be within the City of Sydney e.s the County Centre, and precise locations are thert-ifo1·e not indicated on the County Plan. In the detailed planni11g of District Centr[...]INSTI'l'llTIONS The pr1noip1.l gaols within the County are the State Penitentiary for Men anci th[...] |
| [...]ed railway fully effective, it is proposed in the County Plan that the land at present occupied by the Gao[...]eformatory , in the rural area of the County. The re-siting of Parramatta Gaol in a rural area would not present any planning problems. 4. OTHER[...]vices is the pattern of districts proposed by the County Plan. A summary of all expenditure on soc[...] |
| [...]. Electricity supply: The Sydney County Council. The[...]are essential . One of the principal aims of the County Plan - the attainment of the "best conditi[...] |
| [...]ed in mos"':. of the urba!1 areas shown 0"'.1 the County Plan. It cannot be said that all such areas can[...]ts, o"ther than those shom1 as urban areas on the County Plan, it would generally be necessary to adopt a[...]street aceess. Water supply from the main County system wouli be r e stric ted to the areas[...] |
| [...]teric diseases has not been fUlly recorded in the County as some of these are not notifiabl e diseases, bu[...]ibute d mostly to the la,ying of se\mrs. In tr.e County of CumherJ.an<l, similar results are appar[...] |
| [...]p. 8 s r~ nt "'.i r..~ n::1·, l <t rid i::1 the County, snt"ved with water and elc~ct.r.i:::it.)', cou~.[...]PLANNING PROPOSALS It is not the fun.~tion of th[...] |
| [...]ain measures are proposed within the scope of the County Plan, which will have the effect of largely overc[...]nodate the anti- cipated future population of the County (based on liberal estimates of popula- tion incre[...]oposals must be of particular significance in the planning and provision of public utilities. Future devel[...]ily been broad in its execution, so that detailed planning will tmdoubtedly lead to further small reservatio[...]e co-ordination of utilities and developmento The County Plan provides a basis for such co-ordination - re[...]e co-operation between the utility bodies and the planning authority will the full provision of services be possible and the benefits of the County Plan achieved. |
| [...]sanded beache s, punctu ated by County is a succes sion of bold headlan ds and[...]ad Hawkes bury-Ne pean the encircl ement of the County by water is the deep, River.[...]tu de and variety that the other harbou rs of the County are of second importa nce and no great or varied[...]most urgent need and the major propos al for the County 's waterw ays to Sydney or the County , protec tion of their timele ss beauty , which b[...]s to show that but to the nation . the County was a wonder land in its virgin state.[...] |
| [...]plied to the lanc'i flanking the waterways of the County, devoted to some use requiri ng, or at least exploiting, water frontage. Foreshores in the County are of three main types -[...]eshores are in, or bound, the urban. areas of the County. This fact indi·:}Rtes both their accessi- bi[...]OCEAN FORESHORES The County faces the Pacific Ocean from Barrenjoey to Bulli[...]te but otherwise equally attractive. The proposed County railways and road should serve to bring ab[...] |
| [...]WATERWAYS AND FORESHOru::S The proposed County transport systen would make many more beach resorts easiJy accessible. One of the first steps in detailed planning, therefore, should be to set aside suffi cient la[...]RBOURS AND ESTUARIES Of the four harbours of the County only two have been extensively developed - Port J[...]shores are continuously built-up for many miles. Planning for the preservation of foreshores must recognise[...]lar in their physical character- istics, presents planning problems varying according to the degree of urban[...]Nothing is so important to the development of the County as Port Jackson. Nothing so completely ide[...] |
| [...]itted for the develoµne nt of other ports in the County, demands on Port Jackson will require that its re[...]Services Board, provision has been made in the County Plan for wharf extension s around Blac[...] |
| [...]atures, and the most pror.li~ent structure in the County, is a constant reminder of the handicaps to devel[...]r- ly inf l uenced the transport proposals of the County Plan. For many reasons, the Harbour Bridge is wo[...]etained its native beauty. The proposals of the County Plan embrace a large area to be preserved in its[...]c access and little opportuni t y exists for re- planning. Ho1ever, it is proposed to set as1ie a[...] |
| [...]part of which is named Nepean, has a place in the County's affairs which would be more fully realised if i[...]beyond; it delineates the inland boundary of the County and on its banks are most of the rural towns. Wh[...]ection of its foreshores are matters for detailed planning. Between Mulgoa and Penrith, however, the Nepean[...]est-clad uplands, then drives straight across the Cumberland Plain. This glorious stretch of river is a nat[...]of the most picturesque and rugged valleys in the County; downstream is a perfect course for rowing and al[...]d requires joint action in the area adjoining the County. |
| [...]nd prac t ical limits. The proposals of the County Plan represent as much as can be done[...] |
| [...]ed land along this shore has been proposed in the County Plan, mainly in order to retain one side of Port[...]scope possible in the first stage of a Co'lll'lty Scheme. Opportunities for treatment exist, but generall[...]tle attempt to create harmony by shapes, forms or planning, or to zone areas against overbuilding and[...] |
| [...]D FORESHORES subject to - 1. A detailed planning scheme, supplementing exi~tine facilities and the proposals of the County Plan by exhausting the opportunjties for[...]ores. In the case of ( 1) the detailed planriine scheme should provide i'or - a) Harbour[...] |
| [...]less than planning for full employ-[...]of civilised living. THE SCHEME the ultimate platform[...]ntry planning." H.W.J. Heck Planning on the scale attempted in the County Scheme is a venture without pre- cedence in New South Wa[...]scope. The Local Government Act, under which the County Planning Scheme has been pre- pared, requires that the Scheme, prior to submission to the }linister, be made av[...]e - for all of which the Plan offers a remedy.• Planning appears to be ambitious only because the conditio[...]", yet these deficiencies ware once adequacies. Planning must overcome the deficiencies arising from inade[...]ccessful attempt at co-ordinated or comprehensive planning. Developnent was likely to take place anywhere[...]utions were lost to less worthy develop:nant. The County Plan offers a remedy for lack of co-ordina[...] |
| [...]eans the achievement of all of the objects of the Planning Scheme - full develoµnent of the land-use proposals, fu[...]onsible for works similar to the proposals of the Scheme. Facilities for detailed design and construction required in connection with County open s pace proposals are in the hands of trust[...]f the constructing authority. With re gard to the County Plan, however, land affected by the proposals may[...]nt of land takes the form of - (a ) Local Planning , or planning of internal detail. (b) Administration go[...]lopnent of land in accordance with the County Plan and the local plan. Local planning applies to living areas, industrial areas,[...] |
| IMPLEME!?TING THE SCHEME[...]se are sup 1 .m n t e by the Scheme Ordinn.nce whioh prescribe additi onal an L:)t' pecific powe s necessary to llD.plement the Scheme fully. 'ha ct requi s that. t e Scheme shall co tain provisions specifying the r spon i[...]ng into ffect and enforcing the provisions of the Scheme. The Ordi c SU At t S hem pr scr bos the Cumberland County Council a::i the Respc11 ble Aut o lty.[...]use) neo assary to enforoe the provisions of the County 1 Plan and supplementary planning. (o) Further County Planning - the detailed planning neoessary to preoede oomplete implementation of oertain County proposals, such as open spaoe, the gre[...]rotection areas; also possible further planning in pursuance of Ordinance 104. A further delega[...]may be necessary for this work. (d) Local planning - the planning of internal detail of local planning units as broadly defined in the County Plan. (e) Design and construction - the detailed planning or design and sub- sequent constructio[...]or financing the implementation of the Scheme. AUT HO[...]nsible for implementat on of the pro os ls in the County Planning Scheme are as f ollov - |
| [...]IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME 1. The Responsible Authority T[...]ct and enforcing the provisions of the Scheme. Because of the complex nature of the County Scheme, involving a large number of local and[...]bilitie s in the implementation of the Scheme, it has been provided in the Scheme Ordinance that there shall be only one[...]thority The task of administering the Scheme Ordinance and the Act, with regard to the developnent of land from the time the Scheme comes into operation, is a specific re[...]rm with the land- use proposals of the County Plan, will also need to conform with the[...]ed. For this reason, and also because the local planning author- ity is the appropriate body -[...]sponsibilitie s may be dele- gated. County open space, with few exceptions, is intended to s[...]ed out by private interests. 4. Planning Authority The Planning Authority is an authority responsible eith[...] |
| IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME Page 203 County planning or for local planning.[...]'.( . Administration of the Scheme Ordinance with respect to proposed development of land defined on the County Plan as living, industrial, and rural areas, cent[...]ecting land reserved for any other purpose of the Scheme such as proposed roads or railways, will be the r[...]shop would be permissible in a living area of the County Plan, but its proposed location might not conform[...]In some cases, where general conformity with the County Plan is achieved, but not with the local plan in[...]ust be recognised thatjln the early stages, local planning may not be sufficiently advan~ed for control of developnent for local planning to be administered other than by general principles. As local planning becomes well advanced, it must in many respects gradually become woven into the County Plan, so that ultimately the two can be regarded[...]n iii this case, therefore, is dependent on local planning being carried out. Regarding densities for living areas defined on the County Plan, it has been explained in Chapter 9 that the[...]densities are intended mainly as a guide to local planning, and must be replaced in the local plan by more d[...]ies with the general conditions prescribed in the Scheme Ordinance for the type of area. As previouRly exp[...]ilities available, and two general classes in the County Plan, according to size, nature and nuisan[...] |
| [...]:Most of t~1e i1r us trial areas defined in the County Plan are subject to re- plo.nnin · f the street[...]precise definition of suitable areas by detailed planning. In the meantime, it must be applled with dis[...]city. City develoµnent permissible under the Scheme Or;1inance an 1 subject to the detailed plan is s[...]Green Belt and Harbour Protection Areas These two County proposals have similar characte r istics,[...] |
| IMPIEMENTING THE SCHEME Pa[...]ment. In the first instance, and until detailed planning of these areas has reached an advanced stage, adm[...]forming Developnent The land-use proposals of the County Plan have resulted in a considerable amount of is[...]roposals to extend them. It is prescribed in the Scheme Ordinance that the Responsible Authority may serv[...]forming developnent should be delayed until local planning has reached an advanced 9tage. By then a decisi[...]of non-conformity without serious departure from planning principles. Developnent Affecting County Roads and Railway Proposals Detailed designs for[...]e direct access or frontage to major roads on the County Plan). Until these decisions have been prepared[...]zone. For this reason, provision is made in the Scheme Ordinance for such developnent to be permi[...] |
| [...]IHPIEMENTING THE SCHEME actually been defined in the County Plan. In such areas, applications for develoµn[...]oses. LOCAL PLANNING _,I The Local Planning Unit It is obvious from the frequent references[...]e proposals cannot be fully effective until local planning has reached a stage at which at least a tentative plan is produced. For instance, in a County living area, conforming development includes not[...]phazardly, woulj destroy the effectiveness of the County proposal. To quote another instance, small sett[...]m~y of the present local government areas in the County are not suitable for local planning. Suitable units, generally much larger than many of the present ones, are established physically in the County Plan by open space and road patterns. These are[...]t area they embrace groups of them, so that local planning may be carried out by joint action by the local c[...]for in the Act. The responsibility of the local planning authority with respect to each of these units 'Will be to prepare a detailed planning scheme within the framework provided by the County Plan. The need to vary in minor degree the outline of the County Plan is bound to arise, as the result of further investigation carried out in connection with such planning. This may involve minor amend- ment to the County Plan when the local plan has been prepared and, i[...]onsideration at a regular periodical review. The County Plan takes the form of a series or pattern of com[...]r rural, must be planned separately in detail. County planning having resolved the County into separate units, local planning must resolve each of these units even further , e[...]essentially the residential neighbourhood. Local planning should be represented in two stages, each stage t[...]dment to the first. This would expedite local planning , and facili tate the implementation of the County Plan. Finally, it would overcome the delays in im[...]plan resulting from the long drawn-out process of planning to the last stages of detail. Local planning in the first stage should follow a technique similar to that which was adopted in the preparation of the County Plan, namely - (a) Interim or Tentative[...]to supplement administration of the County Plan in land-use or develoµn[...] |
| [...]tage should comprise - (a) Road pattern - planning of the local transit roads, establishin g (in[...]mentary to those broadly defined in the County Plan). (c) Centres - partition of area into[...]. (e) Industrial Areas - complete detailed planning {since industrial areas are the major instrument of dispersal according to County Plan). (f) General - architectur al control[...]n of sites for buildings or in detailed planning. The second stage would involve detailed planning or replanning of each of the smaller tmits establ[...]. The City Dominating the whole pattern of local planning units is the city, with the essence of unification for the whole County. Detailed planning of the city, though following the technique of local and County planning, represents an entirely different problem in the[...]reas and industrial area generally dominate local planning, commerce, administrat ion and camnnmal establish[...]g, even to the extent necessary in ordinary local planning, but rather the adjustment of a delicate piece of[...]rtant in the third dimension as it is spatially. Planning or replanning the City in the first stage[...] |
| [...]for the utmost caution in adn:'.n i sterir[; the Scheme Ordinance awl citj interim zonine plans (in the a[...]of tr.e earliest steps of implenentali<in cf the County Scneme. FURTill,R COUNTY PLANNING Thoueh t he bulk of detailed planning of land develcµnent will be undertaken by loca..1. planning authorities, some of it, because of the coI:J.pre[...]There are also additions to be made to the County Plan. In all cases further delega- tion of planning responsibility would be ~ecessary, so that further county plannin e would consist of - (a) Detail[...]rotection Areas. ( t) Possible detailed planning of sane ndustrial areas[...]provision has not been made in the County Plan. Detailed planninf required in the Green Be[...]ese proposals embrace areas larger than the local planning unit. The preparation of a detailed plan for[...]inves- tir,ation to that required in the detailed planning for rural areas generally - the location and deli[...]put forward in the detail plan. The detailed planning of industrial areas must be one of the first steps taken in the next phase of local planninG, so that industrial areas may be prepared[...] |
| [...]e 209 Authority to asstnn~ the responsibility of Planning Authority for the detailad : l J mi nP, or inriuu[...]e from the publication of district centres on the County Plan, c01 rlicting with proposed centres of local[...]amalgamation proposals. Further investigation and planning on a County scale may also be necessary in connection with ma[...]vision for these matters has not been made in the County Scheme in the nature of specific proposals but must remain to be covered in the further plannine of the County. DESIG?l AND COMSTRUCTION All of the proposals in the County Plan concerning roads, railways, special use and[...]minor variations in the locations sho'Wl'l on the County Plan may be necessary. While the question of desi[...]the Responsible Authority for approval regarding County planning principles, particularly where a variation from the County Plan is involved. With the exception of open sp[...]other than the Responsible !uthor- ity. Detailed planning of County open spe.oe proposals must be carried out by the[...]s chapter, there are no specific proposals in the County Plan directly involving the actual design and con[...]transport, implementation of the proposals of the County Plan depends a great deal on the replanning of pr[...]irements of dispersal and defence. The proposed County road system may generally be regarded as t[...] |
| [...]IMPIF..MENTING THE SCHEME the owner can make no suitable or profitable use[...]sals. Co-ordination All of the proposals of the County Plan , and consequently their implementation are,[...]yment, and so on . Just as the proposals of the County Plan are the result of relating the several needs[...]in con- struction and also in detailed design or planning. Co-ordination in construc- tion means[...] |
| [...]ing areas the phases woul:l be (a) Local planning (Stage I) (b) Local planning (Stage II)(where redevelopment is involved)[...]nt and in industrial areas - (a) Detailed planning (b) Acquisition (where necessary) (c)[...]to centres (thiru order of importance) only Local Planning (Stage I) would be attempted. The authoriti[...]ramme of implementation does not accor1pan.;r the County Scheme. Its preparation, however, sho1li immediately follo~ approval of the Scheme, and if possible be conunenced beforehand. The responsitil'lty for implementation of the County Scheme and for the organisation involv~d cannot rest with one author- ity. Just as the preparation of the Scheme itself has been a combined effort based on the co[...]po3als of the several authorities responsible for County works an<l services, so must successful im[...] |
| [...]derations of a proposal of such wide scope as the County Planning Scheme. They must be well conceived and of adequate range if the benefits of planning are to be realised. The fir st axiom in any analysis of town planning finance is that it costs the community more not t[...]reases their cost: many of the proposals in the Scheme could have been put into effe ct 50 or 100 years[...]better utility services, are foreshadowed in the County Plan. Their cost should not be confused with the cost of planning, because they will have to be provided in some fo[...]ble, whether or not there is a plan. The cost of planning is the cost of preparing the Plan only. Whil[...]able betterment. The cost of prepar- ing the County Plan is but a small insurance premium to protect County assets - land and improvement valued at £700,0[...]ey and efficiency offered to the community by the County Plan may be summarised thus - To the indiv[...]such as sewerage; greater surety in their own planning of service extensions. ~o State and[...]over-all regional plan for an area as vast as the County of Cumberland and containing such a diversity of htnnan[...] |
| [...]expansion, manpower and materials become normal. Planning on a regional or County basis has aspects which are national in scope and character, related to the State or County, and those which are peculiarly local. Therefor[...]llocated to the CoI!ll'llonwealth, the State, the County or the local authority. The sutmissions and recom[...]e apportionme nt of the cost of implementin g the Scheme. Provision is made also for private enterprise[...]uraged to undertake developnent conforming to the Scheme. The major and more costly aspects of planning are - (a) Main traffic arteries. ([...]io n. The new railways which are included in the Scheme, will be the subject of special legislation which[...]not shown will need to be included in an Amending Scheme. MAIN TRAFFIC ARTERIES Within the County_ of Cumberland roads classified under the Main Roads Act are the[...]ds. All Shire and Municipal Councils within the County contribute to the Main Roads Fund an amount not e[...]the Main Roads Fund as from 1st January 1938. The Scheme provides for the constructio n of a city ring mot[...]ivalent to that levied throughout the rest of the County. The City, County and State motorway system will form part o[...] |
| [...]integral to the whole Commonwealth as well as the County and State. It is suggested that the city distrib[...]ic, taking into consideration local and national planning. The Act provides for the addition of many h[...]Circumferentia l Route (not at present defined on County Plan) The County Scheme, as expressed in the Scheme Ordinance, provides that the Res- ponsible Authority, immediately following the passing of the Scheme by Parliament, shall be empowered to acquire land for expressways and parkways throughout the County. To enable this to be effected, a long-term[...]SING AND REDEVELOPMENT OF SUB-STANDARD AREAS The Scheme sets aside living areas sufficient in extent to m[...]ive building societies and private interests. The Scheme provides that within areas reserved for redevelopnent any proposed re-housinp: will conform to the detailed planning of the area, whethe:r such |
| [...]"\ The County Scheme provides for the reservation of open space 'and t[...]uch land should be resumed is provided for in the Scheme. Such acquisition shall be carried out by, and a[...]le Authority, where the proposed open space is of County significance, or by, and at the expense of the lo[...]c greater facilities for its beneficial use. The Scheme provides for a restrictive reservation to be plac[...]mic usefulness. Similar pro7ision is mane in the Scheme for the reservation for public use of s[...] |
| [...]pace other than foreshores to be t:ndertaken on a County basis by the Responsible Authority, and for this[...]rra1ge for the acquisition of vacant land. within County open space or ""ore;shore areas, except where the[...]d that finance for the ac· .uisi ti on of vacant County open space, other than foreshores, shall be by me[...]Re 1 ayment would be made from the proceeds of a County rate, of an amount not ex eeding id in the £ on all ratable land within the County provided that the r.t,e l~vied n1 urban farm lanj[...]ble to pay. It is therefore proirided 1?l the Scheme that - (a) Immediate acquisition of all vac[...]ject to restrictive reservations by the Scheme, be acquired at the expiration of the effective e[...]at purpose . COMPENSATION The Town and Country Planning Act provides for the payment of compensation to a[...]ration of any provision contained in a prescribed scheme. The execution of any works. The impo[...]ement or carry- ing into effect of the prescribed scheme. Compensation creates a delicate problem at the outset of planning, for the question is to rectify the many e[...] |
| [...]other factor to inhibit bold plan~ing. While the Scheme was in preparation, local counc:i:ls showed reluctance to u.nder- take planning projects because of fear of inct1rring lmknown commitments for compensation. It has become plain that the planning of an area such as the County o~ Cumberland, in many ways unbalanced in development, must be[...]ted to shoulder the burden. At this stage of the County' s growth, c ompensati on claims will occur most[...]. Failure to face up to this problem resulted in planninG being largely ineffect- ual in Great Britain for[...]-- Country Planning Act 1947, assumed financial responsibility for planning. The Act broadly fixes the value of land at its e[...]thought, has been applied in the proposals of the Scheme. It must be remembered that the County Plan is overall in scope and is based on County requirements. It affects 1,630 s quare miles an[...]and betterment, therefore, must be related to the County as a whole and not to pa~ticular areas, because o[...]e distribution of the benefits and liabilities of planning . Conpensation wilJ arise from refusal of an app[...]ment because it contravenes the provisicns of the Scheme relating to zoning, or because tr.e propos[...] |
| [...]Page 219 Scheme provides for the cor.i.pulsory acquisition of the[...]rest in land has been injuriously affected by the Scheme coming into operation is a liability. The amoun[...]s recommend- ed that betterment in respect of the County Scheme shall be paid into the Central Planning Fund administered by the Responsible Authority, a[...]compensation claims arising from implementing the Scheme. The zoning of land for industrial, residential[...]t at the time of the coming into operation of the Scheme and the market value of the estate or interest if the Scheme had not come into operation. Any compensa[...] |
| [...]at the appointed day prescribed by the Scheme for assessinc compensation and betterm[...]e first course would have thrown the whole of the County livine area zoning out of balance and would have perpetuated aimless "sprawl", one of the evils which the Scheme aims to correct. The alternative (b) will preserve the planning principles on which the Scheme is based. However, tr:e liability for the acqu[...]OF LAND FOR REPLANNING Provision is made in tr.e Scheme Ordinance for the acquisition of urban allot- men[...]de a well-balanced distri bution of industry on a County-wide pattern. Much of the land is in residential[...]reluctant to undertake this important aspe ct of planning implementation. It is also necessary to acquire[...]out of balance with pr esent. buildin@" costs. Planning must recognise the oblieation to ensure tr.at di[...]ere a property is resumed for the purposes of the Scheme, the owner shall be re-established in a pr[...] |
| [...]that the sale of land which has been acquired for planning and resale shall be excluded from the operatio n[...]are availab le where necessa ry through out the County, it is proposed that the Respons ible Authori ty[...]ndustr ial and residen tial purpose s within the County, where deemed necessa ry, and also where the loca[...]in g or unable to undertak e this function . The Scheme also authoris es the Respons ible Authori ty to c[...]e Authori ty. FINANCIAL PROVISIONS - GOVERNMENT PLANNING SUBSIDY It is recommended that the Governn ent s[...]All betterm ent received in respect of the Co1mty Scheme shall be paid to the Government in repayme nt of[...]fac tion of compens ation claims arising from the County Scheme, the surplus shall be applied in recouµn ent of[...]D TECHNICAL OVERHEAD In view of the saving which planning will effect in the cost of providin g water, sewe[...]contribu ted by constitu ent council s. CENTRAL PLANNING FUND It is recor.unended that a Central Planning Fund be created , to be adminis tered by t[...] |
| [...]not {c) Any purpos e author ised by the Scheme for which provis ion is made elsewh er[...]c ed by long-t repaya ble from the ~roceeds of a County rate not exceed ing id.[...]respec t U. C.V. of all ratabl e land in the County , the rate to be one-h alf in reserv ed o[...] |
| [...]uncils. 7. COMPENSATION AND BETTERMENT A Central Planning Fund should be created, administered by the Respo[...]and expenditure on foreshore acquisitions. All planning financial operations, other than those relating t[...]Planning should not be avoided merely because of difficult[...]ainRble. on belicilf of the Cumberland Counly Councz'[...] |
| [...]OF PREPARING THE SCHEME COUNCIL 1946 194[...] |
| [...]- in loca l planning, 207 Agriculture, 125[...]B - local planning respo nsibility , 84 Balmain, industry in , 2, 90[...]Commonwea lth Reconstruction Training Scheme, 174 -open space proposals, 145[...]ntains, crossi ng of, 2 County of Cumberland Bondi Jun ct ion , 31, 111[...] |
| [...]pply -as a County boundary, 2 - authorities, I ·I[...] |
| [...]-8 - local planning of, 84 - dispersal of, 63, 65, 100-1[...] |
| [...]'ational Park (proposed). 145 -of County, 36 1 on-conforming Development, 205[...]on, 195 Regional Planning, 9 Planning Legislation, see Local Government (Town Residential Areas, see Living Areas: Chapter 9 and Country Planning) Amendment Act, 1945 Retail Trade, see Shops and Shopping Facilities Planning Scheme Ribb[...] |
| [...]- implementati on of pla nnin g in. 207-8 - planning of, 65 - in[...]- influence on County, 30-1 Rockdale, 111[...]nder cultiv:ition , 133 Sydney County Cou ncil -colleges and in stitutions in , 29[...]- influence on County development, 30 Sewerage, 184, 18)[...] |
MD | |
| The planning scheme for the County of Cumberland, New South Wales: the report of the Cumberland County Council to the Hon. J.J. Cahill, M.L.A., M[...] | |
| Public Note: Cover title: County of Cumberland: planning scheme report. Includes 3 folded maps in back pocket | |
| Cumberland County Council | |
| Regional planning | |
| City planning | |
| Corporate Information: Cumberland County Council (N.S.W.) Collation: xx, 226, [6[...] | |
| The County of Cumberland Council was replaced by statutory body the State Planning Authority in 1963. |
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The planning scheme for the County of Cumberland, New South Wales: the report of the Cumberland Cou (01/01/1948), [LIB-00017554]. City of Sydney Archives, accessed 24 Nov 2024, https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/1754658